From
the oasis cities of Makkah and Madinah in the Arabian desert, the message of
Islam went forth with electrifying speed. Within half a century of the
Prophet's death, Islam had spread to three continents. Islam is not, as some
imagine in the West, a religion of the sword nor did it spread primarily by
means of war. It was only within Arabia, where a crude form of idolatry was
rampant, that Islam was propagated by warring against those tribes which did
not accept the message of God--whereas Christians and Jews were not forced to
convert. Outside of Arabia also the vast lands conquered by the Arab armies in
a short period became Muslim not by force of the sword but by the appeal of the
new religion. It was faith in One God and emphasis upon His Mercy that brought
vast numbers of people into the fold of Islam. The new religion did not coerce
people to convert. Many continued to remain Jews and Christians and to this day
important communities of the followers of these faiths are found in Muslim
lands.
Moreover, the spread of Islam was not limited to its miraculous
early expansion outside of Arabia. During later centuries the Turks embraced
Islam peacefully as did a large number of the people of the Indian subcontinent
and the Malay-speaking world. In Africa also, Islam has spread during the past
two centuries even under the mighty power of European colonial rulers. Today
Islam continues to grow not only in Africa but also in Europe and America where
Muslims now comprise a notable minority.
Islam
was destined to become a world religion and to create a civilization which
stretched from one end of the globe to the other. Already during the early
Muslim caliphates, first the Arabs, then the Persians and later the Turks set
about to create classical Islamic civilization. Later, in the 13th century,
both Africa and India became great centers of Islamic civilization and soon
thereafter Muslim kingdoms were established in the Malay-Indonesian world while
Chinese Muslims flourished throughout China.
Islam
is a religion for all people from whatever race or background they might be.
That is why Islamic civilization is based on a unity which stands completely
against any racial or ethnic discrimination. Such major racial and ethnic
groups as the Arabs, Persians, Turks, Africans, Indians, Chinese and Malays in
addition to numerous smaller units embraced Islam and contributed to the
building of Islamic civilization. Moreover, Islam was not opposed to learning
from the earlier civilizations and incorporating their science, learning, and
culture into its own world view, as long as they did not oppose the principles
of Islam. Each ethnic and racial group which embraced Islam made its
contribution to the one Islamic civilization to which everyone belonged. The
sense of brotherhood and sisterhood was so much emphasized that it overcame all
local attachments to a particular tribe, race, or language--all of which became
subservient to the universal brotherhood and sisterhood of Islam.
The global civilization thus created by Islam permitted people of
diverse ethnic backgrounds to work together in cultivating various arts and
sciences. Although the civilization was profoundly Islamic, even non-Muslim
"people of the book" participated in the intellectual activity whose
fruits belonged to everyone. The scientific climate was reminiscent of the
present situation in America where scientists and men and women of learning
from all over the world are active in the advancement of knowledge which
belongs to everyone.
The global civilization created by Islam also succeeded in
activating the mind and thought of the people who entered its fold. As a result
of Islam, the nomadic Arabs became torch-bearers of science and learning. The
Persians who had created a great civilization before the rise of Islam
nevertheless produced much more science and learning in the Islamic period than
before. The same can be said of the Turks and other peoples who embraced Islam.
The religion of Islam was itself responsible not only for the creation of a
world civilization in which people of many different ethnic backgrounds
participated, but it played a central role in developing intellectual and
cultural life on a scale not seen before. For some eight hundred years Arabic
remained the major intellectual and scientific language of the world. During
the centuries following the rise of Islam, Muslim dynasties ruling in various
parts of the Islamic world bore witness to the flowering of Islamic culture and
thought. In fact this tradition of intellectual activity was eclipsed only at
the beginning of modern times as a result of the weakening of faith among
Muslims combined with external domination. And today this activity has begun
anew in many parts of the Islamic world now that the Muslims have regained
their political independence.
Upon
the death of the Prophet, Abu Bakr, the friend of the Prophet and the first
adult male to embrace Islam, became caliph. Abu Bakr ruled for two years to be
succeeded by 'Umar who was caliph for a decade and during whose rule Islam
spread extensively east and west conquering the Persian empire, Syria and
Egypt. It was 'Umar who marched on foot at the end of the Muslim army into
Jerusalem and ordered the protection of Christian sites. 'Umar also established
the first public treasury and a sophisticated financial administration. He
established many of the basic practices of Islamic government.
'Umar was succeeded by 'Uthman who ruled for some twelve years
during which time the Islamic expansion continued. He is also known as the
caliph who had the definitive text of the Noble Quran copied and sent to the
four corners of the Islamic world. He was in turn succeeded by 'Ali who is
known to this day for his eloquent sermons and letters, and also for his
bravery. With his death the rule of the "rightly guided" caliphs, who
hold a special place of respect in the hearts of Muslims, came to an end.
The
Umayyad caliphate established in 661 was to last for about a century. During
this time Damascus became the capital of an Islamic world which stretched from
the western borders of China to southern France. Not only did the Islamic
conquests continue during this period through North Africa to Spain and France
in the West and to Sind, Central Asia and Transoxiana in the East, but the
basic social and legal institutions of the newly founded Islamic world were
established.
The
Abbasids, who succeeded the Umayyads, shifted the capital to Baghdad which soon
developed into an incomparable center of learning and culture as well as the
administrative and political heart of a vast world.
They ruled for over 500 years but gradually their power waned and
they remained only symbolic rulers bestowing legitimacy upon various sultans
and princes who wielded actual military power. The Abbasid caliphate was
finally abolished when Hulagu, the Mongol ruler, captured Baghdad in 1258,
destroying much of the city including its incomparable libraries.
While the Abbasids ruled in Baghdad, a number of powerful
dynasties such as the Fatimids, Ayyubids and Mamluks held power in Egypt, Syria
and Palestine. The most important event in this area as far as the relation
between Islam and the Western world was concerned was the series of Crusades
declared by the Pope and espoused by various European kings. The purpose,
although political, was outwardly to recapture the Holy Land and especially
Jerusalem for Christianity. Although there was at the beginning some success
and local European rule was set up in parts of Syria and Palestine, Muslims
finally prevailed and in 1187 Saladin, the great Muslim leader, recaptured
Jerusalem and defeated the Crusaders.
When
the Abbasids captured Damascus, one of the Umayyad princes escaped and made the
long journey from there to Spain to found Umayyad rule there, thus beginning
the golden age of Islam in Spain. Cordoba was established as the capital and
soon became Europe's greatest city not only in population but from the point of
view of its cultural and intellectual life. The Umayyads ruled over two
centuries until they weakened and were replaced by local rulers.
Meanwhile in North Africa, various local dynasties held sway until
two powerful Berber dynasties succeeded in uniting much of North Africa and
also Spain in the 12th and 13th centuries. After them this area was ruled once
again by local dynasties such as the Sharifids of Morocco who still rule in
that country. As for Spain itself, Muslim power continued to wane until the
last Muslim dynasty was defeated in Granada in 1492 thus bringing nearly eight
hundred years of Muslim rule in Spain to an end.
The
Mongols devastated the eastern lands of Islam and ruled from the Sinai Desert
to India for a century. But they soon converted to Islam and became known as
the Il-Khanids. They were in turn succeeded by Timur and his descendents who
made Samarqand their capital and ruled from 1369 to 1500. The sudden rise of
Timur delayed the formation and expansion of the Ottoman empire but soon the
Ottomans became the dominant power in the Islamic world.
From
humble origins the Turks rose to dominate over the whole of Anatolia and even
parts of Europe. In 1453 Mehmet the Conqueror captured Constantinople and put
an end to the Byzantine empire. The Ottomans conquered much of eastem Europe
and nearly the whole of the Arab world, only Morocco and Mauritania in the West
and Yemen, Hadramaut and parts of the Arabian peninsula remaining beyond their
control. They reached their zenith of power with Suleyman the Magnificent whose
armies reached Hungary and Austria. From the 17th century onward with the rise
of Westem European powers and later Russia, the power of the Ottomans began to
wane. But they nevertheless remained a force to be reckoned with until the
First World War when they were defeated by the Westem nations. Soon thereafter
Kamal Ataturk gained power in Turkey and abolished the six centuries of rule of
the Ottomans in 1924.
While
the Ottomans were concerned mostly with the westem front of their empire, to
the east in Persia a new dynasty called the Safavids came to power in 1502. The
Safavids established a powerful state of their own which flourished for over
two centuries and became known for the flowering of the arts. Their capital,
Isfahan, became one of the most beautiful cities with its blue tiled mosques
and exquisite houses. The Afghan invasion of 1736 put an end to Safavid rule
and prepared the independence of Afghanistan which occured fommally in the 19th
century. Persia itself fell into tummoil until Nader Shah, the last Oriental
conqueror, reunited the country and even conquered India. But the rule of the
dynasty established by him was short-lived. The Zand dynasty soon took over to
be overthrown by the Qajars in 1779 who made Tehran their capital and ruled
until 1921 when they were in turn replaced by the Pahlavis.
As
for India, Islam entered into the land east of the Indus River peacefully.
Gradually Muslims gained political power beginning in the early 13th century.
But this period which marked the expansion of both Islam and Islamic culture
came to an end with the conquest of much of India in 1526 by Babur, one of the
Timurid princes. He established the powerful Mogul empire which produced such
famous rulers as Akbar, Jahangir, and Shah Jahan and which lasted, despite the
gradual rise of British power in India, until 1857 when it was officially
abolished.
Farther
east in the Malay world, Islam began to spread in the 12th century in northem
Sumatra and soon Muslim kingdoms were establishd in Java, Sumatra and mainland
Malaysia. Despite the colonization of the Malay world, Islam spread in that
area covering present day Indonesia, Malaysia, the southern Phililppines and
southern Thailand, and is still continuing in islands farther east.
As
far as Africa is concemed, Islam entered into East Africa at the very beginning
of the Islamic period but remained confined to the coast for some time, only
the Sudan and Somaliland becoming gradually both Arabized and Islamized. West
Africa felt the presence of Islam through North African traders who travelled
with their camel caravans south of the Sahara. By the 14th century there were
already Muslim sultanates in such areas as Mali, and Timbuctu in West Africa
and Harar in East Africa had become seats of Islamic leaming.
Gradually Islam penetrated both inland and southward. There also
appeared major charismatic figures who inspired intense resistance against
European domination. The process of the Islamization of Africa did not cease
during the colonial period and continues even today with the result that most
Africans are now Muslims carrying on a tradition which has had practically as
long a history in certain areas of sub-Saharan Africa as Islam itself.
It is
almost impossible to generalize about American Muslims: converts, immigrants,
factory workers, doctors; all are making their own contribution to America's
future. This complex community is unified by a common faith, underpinned by a
countrywide network of a thousand mosques.
Muslims were early arrivals in North America. By the eighteenth
century there were many thousands of them, working as slaves on plantations.
These early communities, cut off from their heritage and families, inevitably
lost their Islamic identity as time went by. Today many Afro-American Muslims
play an important role in the Islamic community.
The nineteenth century, however, saw the beginnings of an influx
of Arab Muslims, most of whom settled in the major industrial centers where
they worshipped in hired rooms. The early twentieth century witnessed the
arrival of several hundred thousand Muslims from Eastem Europe: the first
Albanian mosque was opened in Maine in 1915; others soon followed, and a group
of Polish Muslims opened a mosque in Brooklyn in 1928.
In 1947 the Washington Islamic Center was founded during the term
of President Truman, and several nationwide organizations were set up in the
fifties. The same period saw the establishment of other communities whose lives
were in many ways modelled after Islam. More recently, numerous members of
these groups have entered the fold of Muslim orthodoxy. Today there are about five
million Muslims in America.
At
the height of European colonial expansion in the 19th century, most of the
Islamic world was under colonial rule with the exception of a few regions such
as the heart of the Ottoman empire, Persia, Afghanistan, Yemen and certain
parts of Arabia. But even these areas were under foreign influence or, in the
case of the Ottomans, under constant threat. After the First World War with the
breakup of the Ottoman empire, a number of Arab states such as Iraq became
independent, others like Jordan were created as a new entity and yet others
like Palestine, Syria and Lebanon were either mandated or turned into French
colonies. As for Arabia, it was at this time that Saudi Arabia became finally
consolidated. As for other parts of the Islamic world, Egypt which had been
ruled by the descendents of Muhammad Ali since the l9th century became more
independent as a result of the fall of the Ottomans, Turkey was turned into a
secular republic by Ataturk, and the Pahlavi dynasty began a new chapter in
Persia where its name reverted to its eastern traditional form of Iran. But
most of the rest of the Islamic world remained under colonial rule.
It
was only after the Second World War and the dismemberment of the British,
French, Dutch and Spanish empires that the rest of the Islamic world gained its
independence. In the Arab world, Syria and Lebanon became independent at the
end of the war as did Libya and the shaykdoms around the Gulf and the Arabian
Sea by the 1960's. The North African countries of Tunisia, Morocco and Algeria
had to fight a difficult and, in the case of Algeria, long and protracted war
to gain their freedom which did not come until a decade later for Tunisia and
Morocco and two decades later for Algeria. Only Palestine did not become
independent but was partitioned in 1948 with the establishment of the state of
Israel.
In
India Muslims participated in the freedom movement against British rule along
with Hindus and when independence finally came in 1947, they were able to
create their own homeland, Pakistan, which came into being for the sake of
Islam and became the most populated Muslim state although many Muslims remained
in India. In 1971, however, the two parts of the state broke up, East Pakistan
becoming Bengladesh.
Farther
east still, the Indonesians finally gained their independence from the Dutch
and the Malays theirs from Britain. At first Singapore was part of Malaysia but
it separated in 1963 to become an independent state. Small colonies still
persisted in the area and continued to seek their independence, the kingdom of
Brunei becoming independent as recently as 1984.
In
Africa also major countries with large or majority Muslim populations such as
Nigeria, Senegal and Tanzania began to gain their independence in the 1950's
and 1960's with the result that by the end of the decade of the 60's most parts
of the Islamic world were formed into independent national states. There were,
however, exceptions. The Muslim states in the Soviet Union failed to gain their
autonomy or independence. The same holds true for Sinkiang (called Eastem
Turkestan by Muslim geographers) while in Eritrea and the southern Philippines
Muslim independence movements still continue.
While
the world of Islam has entered into the modern world in the form of national
states, continuous attempts are made to create closer cooperation within the
Islamic world as a whole and to bring about greater unity. This is seen not
only in the meetings of the Muslim heads of state and the establishment of the
OIC (Organization of Islamic Countries) with its own secretariat, but also in
the creation of institutions dealing with the whole of the Islamic world. Among
the most important of these is the Muslim World League (Rabitat al-alam
al-Islami ) with its headquarters in Makkah. Saudi Arabia has in fact played a
pivotal role in the creation and maintenance of such organizations.
Muslims
did not wish to gain only their political independence. They also wished to
assert their own religious and cultural identity. From the 18th century onward
Muslim reformers appeared upon the scene who sought to reassert the teachings
of Islam and to reform society on the basis of Islamic teachings. One of the
first among this group was Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab, who hailed from the
Arabian peninsula and died there in 1792. This reformer was supported by
Muhammad ibn al-Sa'ud, the founder of the first Saudi state. With this support
Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab was able to spread his teachings not only in Arabia
but even beyond its borders to other Islamic lands where his reforms continue
to wield influence to this day.
In the 19th century lslamic assertion took several different forms
ranging from the Mahdi movement of the Sudan and the Sanusiyyah in North Africa
which fought wars against European colonizers, to educational movements such as
that of Aligarh in India aiming to reeducate Muslims. In Egypt which, because
of al-Azhar University, remains to this day central to Islamic learning, a
number of reformers appear, each addressing some aspect of Islamic thought.
Some were concerned more with law, others economics, and yet others the
challenges posed by Western civilization with its powerful science and
technology. These included Jamal al-Din al-Afghani who hailed originally from
Persia but settled in Cairo and who was the great champion of Pan-Islamism,
that is the movement to unite the Islamic world politically as well as religiously.
His student, Muhammad 'Abduh, who became the rector of al-Azhar. was also very
influential in Islamic theology and thought. Also of considerable influence was
his Syrian student, Rashid Rida, who held a position closer to that of 'Abd
al-Wahhab and stood for the strict application of the Shari'ah. Among the most
famous of these thinkers is Muhammad Iqbal, the outstanding poet and
philosopher who is considered as the father of Pakistan.
Moreover,
as Western influence began to penetrate more deeply into the fiber of Islamic
society, organizations gradually grew up whose goal was to reform society in
practice along Islamic lines and prevent its secularization. These included the
Muslim Brotherhood (Ikhwan al-muslimin) founded in Egypt and with branches in
many Muslim countries, and the Jama'at-i Islami of Pakistan founded by the
influential Mawlana Mawdudi. These organizations have been usually peaceful and
have sought to reestablish an Islamic order through education. During the last two
decades, however, as a result of the frustration of many Muslims in the face of
pressures coming from a secularized outside world, some have sought to reject
the negative aspects of Western thought and culture and to return to an Islamic
society based completely on the application of the Shari 'ah. Today in every
Muslim country there are strong movements to preserve and propagate Islamic
teachings. In countries such as Saudi Arabia Islamic Law is already being
applied and in fact is the reason for the prosperity, development and stability
of the country. In other countries where Islamic Law is not being applied,
however, most of the effort of Islamic movements is spent in making possible
the full application of the Shari'ah so that the nation can enjoy prosperity
along with the fulfillment of the faith of its people. In any case the
widespread desire for Muslims to have the religious law of Islam applied and to
reassert their religious values and their own identity must not be equated with
exceptional violent eruptions which do exist but which are usually treated
sensationally and taken out of proportion by the mass media in the West.
In
seeking to live successfully in the modern world, in independence and according
to Islamic principles, Muslim countries have been emphasizing a great deal the
significance of the role of education and the importance of mastering Western
science and technology. Already in the 19th century, certain Muslim countries
such as Egypt, Ottoman Turkey and Persia established institutions of higher
learning where the modem sciences and especially medicine were taught. During
this century educational institutions at all levels have proliferated
throughout the Islamic world. Nearly every science ranging from mathematics to
biology as well as various fields of modern technology are taught in these
institutions and some notable scientists have been produced by the Islamic
world, men and women who have often combined education in these institutions with
training in the West.
In various parts of the Islamic world there is, however, a sense
that educational institutions must be expanded and also have their standards
improved to the level of the best institutions in the world in various fields
of leaming especially science and technology. At the same time there is an
awareness that the educational system must be based totally on Islamic
principles and the influence of alien cultural and ethical values and norms, to
the extent that they are negative, be diminished. To remedy this problem a
number of international Islamic educational conferences have been held, the
first one in Makkah in 1977, and the foremost thinkers of the Islamic world
have been brought together to study and ponder over the question of the
relation between Islam and modern science. This is an ongoing process which is
at the center of attention in many parts of the Islamic world and which
indicates the significance of educational questions in the Islamic world today.
The
oldest university in the world which is still functioning is the eleven
hundred-year-old Islamic university of Fez, Morocco, known as the Qarawiyyin.
This old tradition of Islamic learning influenced the West greatly through
Spain. In this land where Muslims, Christians and Jews lived for the most part
peacefully for many centuries, translations began to be made in the 11th
century mostly in Toledo of Islamic works into Latin often through the
intermediary of Jewish scholars most of whom knew Arabic and often wrote in
Arabic. As a result of these translations, Islamic thought and through it much
of Greek thought became known to the West and Western schools of learning began
to flourish. Even the Islamic educational system was emulated in Europe and to
this day the term chair in a university reflects the Arabic kursi (literally
seat) upon which a teacher would sit to teach his students in the madrasah
(school of higher learning). As European civillization grew and reached the
high Middle Ages, there was hardly a field of learning or form of art, whether
it was literature or architecture, where there was not some influence of Islam
present. Islamic learning became in this way part and parcel of Western
civilization even if with the advent of the Renaissance, the West not only
turned against its own medieval past but also sought to forget the long
relation it had had with the Islamic world, one which was based on intellectual
respect despite religious opposition.
The Islamic world remains
today a vast land stretching from the Atlantic to the Pacific, with an
important presence in Europe and America, animated by the teachings of Islam
and seeking to assert its own identity. Despite the presence of nationalism and
various secular ideologies in their midst, Muslims wish to live in the modern
world but without simply imitating blindly the ways followed by the West. The
Islamic world wishes to live at peace with the West as well as the East but at
the same time not to be dominated by them. It wishes to devote its resources
and energies to building a better life for its people on the basis of the
teachings of Islam and not to squander its resources in either internal or
external conflicts. It seeks finally to create better understanding with the
West and to be better understood by the West. The destinies of the Islamic
world and the West cannot be totally separated and therefore it is only in
understanding each other better that they can serve their own people more
successfully and also contribute to a better life for the whole of humanity.
Islamic History (Chronology)
6th Century (500-599) C.E.
|
545:
|
Birth of Abdullah, the Holy
Prophet's father.
|
|
571:
|
Birth of the Holy Prophet. Year of
the Elephant. Invasion of Makkah by Abraha the Viceroy of Yemen, his retreat.
|
|
577:
|
The Holy Prophet visits Madina
with his mother. Death of his mother.
|
|
580:
|
Death of Abdul Muttalib, the
grandfather of the Holy Prophet.
|
|
583:
|
The Holy Prophet's journey to
Syria in the company of his uncle Abu Talib. His meeting with the monk Bahira
at Bisra who foretells of his prophethood.
|
|
586:
|
The Holy Prophet participates in
the war of Fijar.
|
|
591:
|
The Holy Prophet becomes an active
member of "Hilful Fudul", a league for the relief of the
distressed.
|
|
594:
|
The Holy Prophet becomes the
Manager of the business of Lady Khadija, and leads her trade caravan to Syria
and back.
|
|
595:
|
The Holy Prophet marries Hadrat
Khadija. Seventh century
|
7th Century (600-699) C.E.
|
605:
|
The Holy Prophet arbitrates in a
dispute among the Quraish about the placing of the Black Stone in the Kaaba.
|
|
610:
|
The first revelation in the cave
at Mt. Hira. The Holy Prophet is commissioned as the Messenger of God.
|
|
613:
|
Declaration at Mt. Sara inviting
the general public to Islam.
|
|
614:
|
Invitation to the Hashimites to
accept Islam.
|
|
615:
|
Persecution of the Muslims by the
Quraish. A party of Muslims leaves for Abyssinia.
|
|
616:
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Second Hijrah to Abysinnia.
|
|
617:
|
Social boycott of the Hashimites
and the Holy Prophet by the Quraish. The Hashimites are shut up in a glen
outside Makkah.
|
|
619:
|
Lifting of the boycott. Deaths of
Abu Talib and Hadrat Khadija. Year of sorrow.
|
|
620:
|
Journey to Taif. Ascension to the
heavens.
|
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621:
|
First pledge at Aqaba.
|
|
622:
|
Second pledge at Aqaba. The Holy
Prophet and the Muslims migrate to Yathrib.
|
|
623:
|
Nakhla expedition.
|
|
624:
|
Battle of Badr. Expulsion of the
Bani Qainuqa Jews from Madina.
|
|
625:
|
Battle of Uhud. Massacre of 70
Muslims at Bir Mauna. Expulsion of Banu Nadir Jews from Madina. Second
expedition of Badr.
|
|
626:
|
Expedition of Banu Mustaliq.
|
|
627:
|
Battle of the Trench. Expulsion of
Banu Quraiza Jews.
|
|
628:
|
Truce of Hudaibiya. Expedition to
Khyber. The Holy Prophet addresses letters to various heads of states.
|
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629:
|
The Holy Prophet performs the
pilgrimage at Makkah. Expedition to Muta (Romans).
|
|
630:
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Conquest of Makkah. Battles of
Hunsin, Auras, and Taif.
|
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631:
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Expedition to Tabuk. Year of
Deputations.
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632:
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Farewell pilgrimage at Makkah.
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632:
|
Death of the Holy Prophet.
Election of Hadrat Abu Bakr as the Caliph. Usamah leads expedition to Syria.
Battles of Zu Qissa and Abraq. Battles of Buzakha, Zafar and Naqra. Campaigns
against Bani Tamim and Musailima, the Liar.
|
|
633:
|
Campaigns in Bahrain, Oman, Mahrah
Yemen, and Hadramaut. Raids in Iraq. Battles of Kazima, Mazar, Walaja,
Ulleis, Hirah, Anbar, Ein at tamr, Daumatul Jandal and Firaz.
|
|
634:
|
Battles of Basra, Damascus and
Ajnadin. Death of Hadrat Abu Bakr. Hadrat Umar Farooq becomes the Caliph.
Battles of Namaraq and Saqatia.
|
|
635:
|
Battle of Bridge. Battle of Buwaib.
Conquest of Damascus. Battle of Fahl.
|
|
636:
|
Battle of Yermuk. Battle of
Qadsiyia. Conquest of Madain.
|
|
637:
|
Conquest of Syria. Fall of
Jerusalem. Battle of Jalula.
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638:
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Conquest of Jazirah.
|
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639:
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Conquest of Khuizistan. Advance
into Egypt.
|
|
640:
|
Capture of the post of Caesaria in
Syria. Conquest of Shustar and Jande Sabur in Persia. Battle of Babylon in
Egypt.
|
|
641:
|
Battle of Nihawand. Conquest Of
Alexandria in Egypt.
|
|
642:
|
Battle of Rayy in Persia. Conquest
of Egypt. Foundation of Fustat.
|
|
643:
|
Conquest of Azarbaijan and
Tabaristan (Russia).
|
|
644:
|
Conquest of Fars, Kerman, Sistan,
Mekran and Kharan.Martyrdom of Hadrat Umar. Hadrat Othman becomes the Caliph.
|
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645:
|
Campaigns in Fats.
|
|
646:
|
Campaigns in Khurasan, Armeain and
Asia Minor.
|
|
647:
|
Campaigns in North Africa.
Conquest of the island of Cypress.
|
|
648:
|
Campaigns against the Byzantines.
|
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651:
|
Naval battle of the Masts against
the Byzantines.
|
|
652:
|
Discontentment and disaffection
against the rule of Hadrat Othman.
|
|
656:
|
Martyrdom of Hadrat Othman. Hadrat
Ali becomes the Caliph. Battle of the Camel.
|
|
657:
|
Hadrat Ali shifts the capital from
Madina to Kufa. Battle of Siffin. Arbitration proceedings at Daumaut ul
Jandal.
|
|
658:
|
Battle of Nahrawan.
|
|
659:
|
Conquest of Egypt by Mu'awiyah.
|
|
660:
|
Hadrat Ali recaptures Hijaz and
Yemen from Mu'awiyah. Mu'awiyah declares himself as the Caliph at Damascus.
|
|
661:
|
Martyrdom of Hadrat Ali. Accession
of Hadrat Hasan and his abdication. Mu'awiyah becomes the sole Caliph.
|
|
662:
|
Khawarij revolts.
|
|
666:
|
Raid of Sicily.
|
|
670:
|
Advance in North Africa. Uqba b
Nafe founds the town of Qairowan in Tunisia. Conquest of Kabul.
|
|
672:
|
Capture of the island of Rhodes.
Campaigns in Khurasan.
|
|
674:
|
The Muslims cross the Oxus.
Bukhara becomes a vassal state.
|
|
677:
|
Occupation of Sarnarkand and
Tirmiz. Siege of Constantinople.
|
|
680:
|
Death of Muawiyah. Accession of
Yazid. Tragedy of Kerbala and martyrdom of Hadrat Hussain.
|
|
682:
|
In North Africa Uqba b Nafe
marches to the Atlantic, is ambushed and killed at Biskra. The Muslims
evacuate Qairowan and withdraw to Burqa.
|
|
683:
|
Death of Yazid. Accession of
Mu'awiyah II.
|
|
684:
|
Abdullah b Zubair declares himself
aS the Caliph at'Makkah. Marwan I becomes the Caliph' at Damascus. Battle of
Marj Rahat.
|
|
685:
|
Death of Marwan I. Abdul Malik
becomes the Caliph at Damascus. Battle of Ain ul Wada.
|
|
686:
|
Mukhtar declares himself as the
Caliph at Kufa.
|
|
687:
|
Battle of Kufa between the forces
of Mukhtar and Abdullah b Zubair. Mukhtar killed.
|
|
691:
|
Battle of Deir ul Jaliq. Kufa
falls to Abdul Malik.
|
|
692:
|
The fall of Makkah. Death of
Abdullah b Zubair. Abdul Malik becomes the sole Caliph.
|
|
695:
|
Khawarij revolts in Jazira and
Ahwaz. Battle of the Karun. Campaigns against Kahina in North Africa. The'
Muslims once again withdraw to Barqa. The Muslims advance in Transoxiana and
occupy Kish.
|
8th Century (700-799) C.E.
|
700:
|
Campaigns against the Berbers in
North Africa.
|
|
702:
|
Ashath's rebellion in Iraq, battle
of Deir ul Jamira.
|
|
705:
|
Death of Abdul Malik. Accession of
Walid I as Caliph.
|
|
711:
|
Conquest of Spain, Sind and
Transoxiana.
|
|
712:
|
The Muslims advance in Spain, Sind
and Transoxiana.
|
|
713:
|
Conquest of Multan.
|
|
715:
|
Death of Walid I. Accession of
Sulaiman.
|
|
716:
|
Invasion of Constantinople.
|
|
717:
|
Death of Sulaiman. Accession of
Umar b Abdul Aziz.
|
|
720:
|
Death of Umar b Abdul Aziz.
Accession of Yazid II.
|
|
724:
|
Death of Yazid II. Accession of
Hisham.
|
|
725:
|
The Muslims occupy Nimes in
France.
|
|
732:
|
The battle of Tours in France.
|
|
737:
|
The Muslims meet reverse at
Avignon in France.
|
|
740:
|
Shia revolt under Zaid b Ali.
Berber revolt in North Africa. Battle of the Nobles.
|
|
741:
|
Battle of Bagdoura in North
Africa.
|
|
742:
|
The Muslim rule restored in
Qiarowan.
|
|
743:
|
Death of Hisham. Accession of
Walid II. Shia revolt in Khurasan under Yahya b Zaid.
|
|
744:
|
Deposition of Walid I1. Accession
of Yazid II1 and his death. Accession of Ibrahim and his overthrow. Battle of
Ain al Jurr. Accession of Marwan II.
|
|
745:
|
Kufa and Mosul occupied by the
Khawarjites.
|
|
746:
|
Battle of Rupar Thutha, Kufa and
Mosul occupied by Marwan II.
|
|
747:
|
Revolt of Abu Muslim in Khurasan.
|
|
748:
|
Battle of Rayy.
|
|
749:
|
Battles of lsfahan and Nihawand.
Capture of Kufa by the Abbasids. As Saffah becomes the Abbasid Caliph at
Kufa.
|
|
750:
|
Battle of Zab. Fall of Damascus.
End of the Umayyads.
|
|
751:
|
Conquest of Wasit by the Abbasid.
Murder of the Minister Abu Salama.
|
|
754:
|
Death of As Saffah. Accession of
Mansur as the Caliph.
|
|
755:
|
Revolt of Abdullah b Ali. Murder
of Abu Muslim. Sunbadh revolt in Khurasan.
|
|
756:
|
Abdul Rahman founds the Umayyad
state in Spain.
|
|
762:
|
Shia revolt under Muhammad (Nafs
uz Zakia) and Ibrahim.
|
|
763:
|
Foundation of Baghdad. Defeat of
the Abbasids in Spain.
|
|
767:
|
Khariji state set up by Ibn Madrar
at Sijilmasa. Ustad Sees revolt in Khurasan.
|
|
772:
|
Battle of Janbi in North Africa.
Rustamid. state set up in Morocco.
|
|
775:
|
Death or the Abbasid Caliph
Mansur, Accession of Mahdi,
|
|
777:
|
Battle of Saragossa in Spain.
|
|
785:
|
Death of the Caliph Mahdi.
Accession of Hadi.
|
|
786:
|
Death of Hadi. Accession of Harun
ur Rashid.
|
|
788:
|
Idrisid state set up in the
Maghrib. Death of Abdul Rahman of Spain, and accession of Hisham.
|
|
792:
|
Invasion of South France.
|
|
796:
|
Death of Hisham in Spain;
accession of al Hakam.
|
|
799:
|
Suppression of the revolt of the
Khazars. Ninth century.
|
9th Century (800-899) C.E.
|
800:
|
The Aghlabid rule is established
in North Africa.
|
|
803:
|
Downfall of the Barmakids.
Execution of Jafar Barmki.
|
|
805:
|
Campaigns against the Byzantines.
Capture of the islands of Rhodes and Cypress.
|
|
809:
|
Death of Harun ur Rashid. Accession
of Amin.
|
|
814:
|
Civil war between Amin and Mamun.
Amin killed and Mamun becomes the Caliph.
|
|
815:
|
Shia revolt under Ibn Tuba Tabs.
|
|
816:
|
Shia revolt in Makkah; Harsama
quells the revolt. In Spain the Umayyads capture the island of Corsica.
|
|
817:
|
Harsama killed.
|
|
818:
|
The Umayyads of Spain capture the
islands of Izira, Majorica, and Sardinia.
|
|
819:
|
Mamun comes to Baghdad.
|
|
820:
|
Tahir establishes the rule of the
Tahirids in Khurasan.
|
|
822:
|
Death of AI Hakam in Spain;
accession of Abdul Rahman. II.
|
|
823:
|
Death of Tahir in Khurasan.
Accession of Talha and his deposition. Accession of Abdullah b Tahir.
|
|
827:
|
Mamun declares the Mutazila creed
as the state religion.
|
|
833:
|
Death of Mamun. Accession of
Mutasim.
|
|
836:
|
Mutasim shifts the capital to
Samarra. 837 Revolt of the Jats.
|
|
838:
|
Revolt of Babek in Azarbaijan
suppressed.
|
|
839:
|
Revolt of Maziar in Tabaristan.
The Muslims occupy South Italy. Capture of the city of Messina in Sicily.
|
|
842:
|
Death of Mutasim, accession of
Wasiq.
|
|
843:
|
Revolts of the Arabs.
|
|
847:
|
Death of Wasiq, accession of
Mutawakkil.
|
|
850:
|
Mutawakkil restores orthodoxy.
|
|
849:
|
Death of the Tahirid ruler
Abdullah b Tahir; accession of Tahir II.
|
|
852:
|
Death of Abdur Rahman II of
Spain;. accession of Muhammad I.
|
|
856:
|
Umar b Abdul Aziz founds the Habbarid
rule in Sind.
|
|
858:
|
Mutawakkil founds the town of
Jafariya.
|
|
860:
|
Ahmad founds the Samanid rule in
Transoxiana.
|
|
861:
|
Murder of the Abbasid Caliph
Mutawakkil; accession of Muntasir.
|
|
862:
|
Muntasir poisoned to death;
accession of Mutasin.
|
|
864:
|
Zaidi state established in
Tabaristan by Hasan b Zaid.
|
|
866:
|
Mutasim flies from Samarra, his
depostion and accession of Mutaaz.
|
|
867:
|
Yaqub b Layth founds the Saffarid
rule in Sistan.
|
|
868:
|
Ahmad b Tulun founds the Tulunid
rule in Egypt.
|
|
869:
|
The Abbasid Caliph Mutaaz forced
to abdicate, his death and accession of Muhtadi.
|
|
870:
|
Turks revolt against Muhtadi, his
death and accession of Mutamid.
|
|
873:
|
Tahirid rule extinguished.
|
|
874:
|
Zanj revolt in South Iraq. Death
of the Samanid ruler Ahmad, accession of Nasr.
|
|
877:
|
Death of Yaqubb Layth in Sistan,
accession of Amr b Layth.
|
|
885:
|
Death of Ahmad b Tulun in Egypt,
accession of Khamar- wiyiah.
|
|
866:
|
Death of Muhammad I the Umayyad
ruler of Spain, accession of Munzir. Death of Abdullah b Umar the Habbari
ruler of Sind.
|
|
888:
|
Death of Munzir the Umayyad ruler
of Spain, accession of Abbullah.
|
|
891:
|
The Qarmatian state established at
Bahrain.
|
|
892:
|
Death of the Samanid ruler Nasr,
accession of Ismail.
|
|
894:
|
The Rustamids become the vassals
of Spain.
|
|
896:
|
Death of the Tulunid ruler
Khamarwiyiah; accession of Abul Asakir Jaish.
|
|
897:
|
Assassination of Abul Asakir
Jaish; accession of Abu Musa Harun.
|
|
898:
|
Qarmatians sack Basra,
|
10th Century (900-999) C.E.
|
902:
|
Death of the Abbasid Caliph
Muktafi; death of the Saffarid ruler Amr.
|
|
903:
|
Assassination of the Qarmatian
ruler Abu Said; accession of Abu Tahir.
|
|
905:
|
Abdullah b Hamdan founds the
Hamdanid rule in Mosul and Jazira. End of the Tulunid rule in Egypt.
|
|
907:
|
Death of the Abbasid Caliph
Muktafi; accession of Muqtadir,
|
|
908:
|
End of the Saffarid rule,
annexation of their territories by the Samanids.
|
|
909:
|
Ubaidullah overthrows the
Aghlablds and founds the Fatimid rule in North Africa.
|
|
912:
|
Death of the Umayyad Amir Abdullah
in Spain, accession of Abdur Rahman III.
|
|
913:
|
Assassination of the Samanid ruler
Ahmad II, accession of Nasr II.
|
|
928:
|
Mardawij b Ziyar founds the
Ziyarid rule in Tabaristan.
|
|
929:
|
Qarmatians sack Makkah and carry
away the Black Stone from the Holy Kaaba. In Spain, Abdur Rahman III declares
himself as the Caliph.
|
|
931:
|
Deposition and restoration of the
Abbasid Caliph Muqtadir. Death of the Qarmatian ruler Abu Tahir; accession of
Abu Mansur.
|
|
932:
|
Death of the Abbasid Caliph
Muqtadir; accession of Al Qahir.
|
|
934:
|
Deposition of the Abbasid Caliph
AI Qahir; accession of Ar Radi. Death of the Fatimid Caliph Ubaidullah ;
accession of Al Qaim.
|
|
935:
|
Assassination of the Ziyarid ruler
Mardawij; accession of Washimgir. Death of Hamdanid ruler Abdullah b Hamdan
accession of Nasir ud Daula.
|
|
936:
|
By coup Ibn Raiq becomes the Amir
ul Umara.
|
|
938:
|
By another coup power at Baghdad
is captured by Bajkam.
|
|
940:
|
Death of the Abbasid Caliph Ar
Radi, accession of Muttaqi.
|
|
941:
|
Assassination of Bajkam, capture
of power by Kurtakin.
|
|
942:
|
Ibn Raiq recaptures power.
|
|
943:
|
Al Baeidi captures power. The
Abbasid Caliph Muttaqi is forced to seek refuge with the Hamdanids. Sail ud
Daula captures power at Baghdad and the Caliph returns to' Baghdad. Power is
captured by Tuzun and Sail ud Daula retires' to Mosul. Death of the Samanid ruler
Nasr II, accession of Nuh.
|
|
944:
|
Muttaqi is blinded and deposed,
accession of Mustakafi.
|
|
945:
|
Death of Tuzun. Shirzad becomes
Amir ul Umra. The Buwayhids capture power. Deposition of the Abbasid Caliph
Mustakafi.
|
|
946:
|
The Qarnaatiana restore the Black
Stone to the Holy Kaaba.
|
|
|
|
|
954:
|
Death of the Sasanid ruler Nuh,
accession of Abdul Malik.
|
|
961:
|
Death of the Samanid ruler Abdul
Malik, accession of Manauf. Alptgin founds the rule of the Ghazanavids. Death
of the Umayyad Caliph Abdul Rahman III in Spain; accession of Hakam. Death of
the Ikhshid ruler Ungur accession of Abul Hasan Ali.
|
|
965:
|
Death of the Qarmatian ruler Abu
Mansur; accession of Hasan Azam. Assassination of the Ikhshid ruler Abul
Hasan Ali; power captured by Malik Kafur.
|
|
967:
|
Death of the Buwayhid Sultan Muiz
ud Daula, accession of Bakhtiar. Death of the Hamdanid ruler Sail ud Daula.
|
|
968:
|
Byzantines occupy Aleppo. Death of
the Ikhshid ruler Malik Kafur; accession of Abul Fawaris.
|
|
969:
|
The Fatimids conquer Egypt.
|
|
972:
|
Buluggin b Ziri founds the rule of
the Zirids Algeria.
|
|
973:
|
Shia Sunni disturbances in
Baghdad; power captured in Baghdad by the Turkish General Subuktgin.
|
|
974:
|
Abdication of the Abbasid Caliph
AI Muttih; accession of At Taii.
|
|
975:
|
Death of the Turk General
Subuktgin. Death of the Fatimid Caliph Al Muizz.
|
|
976:
|
The Buwayhid Sultan Izz ud Daula
recaptures power with the help of his cousin Azud ud Daula. Death of the
Samanid ruler Mansur, accession of Nuh II. In Spain death of the Umayyad
Caliph Hakam, accession of Hisham II.
|
|
978:
|
Death of the Buwayhid Sultan Izz
ud Daula, power captured by Azud ud Daula. The Hamdanids overthrown by the
Buwayhids.
|
|
979:
|
Subkutgin becomes the Amir of
Ghazni.
|
|
981:
|
End of the Qarmatian rule at
Bahrain.
|
|
982:
|
Death of the- Buwayhid Sultan Azud
ud Daula; accession of Samsara ud Daula.
|
|
984:
|
Death of the Zirid ruler Buluggin,
accession of Mansur.
|
|
986:
|
The Buwyhid Sultan Samsara ud
Daula overthrown by Sharaf ud Daula.
|
|
989:
|
Death of the Buwayhid Sultan
Sharaf ud Daula, accession of Baha ud Daula.
|
|
991:
|
Deposition of the Abbasid Caliph
At Taii, accession of AI Qadir.
|
|
996:
|
Death of the Zirid ruler Mansur,
accession of Nasir ud Daula Badis.
|
|
997:
|
Death of the Samanid ruler Nuh II,
accession of Mansur II.
|
|
998:
|
Death of the Samanid ruler Mansur
II, accession of Abdul Malik II. Mahmud becomes the Amir of Ghazni. 999 End
of the Samanids.
|
11th Century (1000-1099) C.E.
|
1001:
|
Mahmud Ghazanavi defeats the Hindu
Shahis.
|
|
1004:
|
Mahmud captures Bhatiya.
|
|
1005:
|
Mahmud captures Multan and Ghur.
|
|
1008:
|
Mahmud defeats the Rajput
confederacy.
|
|
1010:
|
Abdication of Hisham II in Spain.
accession of Muhammad.
|
|
1011:
|
In Spain Muhammad is overthrown by
Sulaiman.
|
|
1012:
|
In Spain power is captured by Bani
Hamud. Death of the Buwayhid Baha ud Daula, accession of Sultan ud Daula.
|
|
1016:
|
Death of the Zirrid ruler Nasir ud
Daula Badis; accession of AI Muizz.
|
|
1018:
|
In Spain power is captured by
Abdul Rahman IV.
|
|
1019:
|
Conquest of the Punjab by Mahmud
Ghazanavi.
|
|
1020:
|
The Buwayhid Sultan ud Daula is
Overthrown by Musharaf ud Daula, Death of the Fatimid Caliph AI Hakim,
accession of Al Zahir.
|
|
1024:
|
In Spain assassination of Abdul
Rahman IV, accession of Mustafi.
|
|
1025:
|
Death of the Buwayhid Mushgraf ud
Daula, accession of Jalal ud Daula.
|
|
1029:
|
In Spain death of Mustaft, accession
of Hisham III.
|
|
1030:
|
Death of Mahmud Ghazanavi.
|
|
1031:
|
In Spain deposition of Hisharn
III, and end of the Umayyad rule. Death of the Abbasid Caliph Al Qadir,
accession of Al Qaim.
|
|
1036:
|
Death of the Fatimid Caliph AI
Zahir, accession of Mustansir. Tughril Beg is crowned as the king of the
Seljuks.
|
|
1040:
|
Battle of Dandanqan, the Seljuks
defeat the Ghazanavids. Deposition of Masud the Ghazanavid Sultan, accession
of Muhammad. AI Moravids come to power in North Africa.
|
|
1041:
|
The Ghazanavid Sultan Muhammad is
overthrown by Maudud.
|
|
1044:
|
Death of the Buwayhid Jalal ud
Daula, accession of Abu Kalijar.
|
|
1046:
|
Basasiri captures power in
Baghdad.
|
|
1047:
|
The Zirids in North Africa
repudiate allegiance to the Fatimid and transfer allegiance to-the Abbasids.
|
|
1048:
|
Death of the Buwayhid Abu Kalijar,
accession of Malik ur Rahim.
|
|
1050:
|
Yusuf b Tashfin comes to power .in
the Maghrib.
|
|
1055:
|
Tughril Beg overthrows the
Buwayhids.
|
|
1057:
|
Basasiri recaptures power in
Baghdad, deposes Al Qaim and offers allegiance to the Fatimid Caliph.
|
|
1059:
|
Tughril Beg recaptures power in
Baghdad, al Qaim is restored as the Caliph.
|
|
1060:
|
Ibrahim becomes the Sultan of
Ghazni. Yusuf b Tashfin founds the city of Marrakesh. The Zirids abandon
their capital Ashir and establish their capital at Bougie.
|
|
1062:
|
Death of the Zirid ruler AI Muizz,
accession of Tamin.
|
|
1063:
|
Death of the Seljuk Sultan Tughril
Beg; accession of Alp Arsalan.
|
|
1071:
|
Battle of Manzikert, the Byzantine
emperor taken captive by the Seljuks.
|
|
1073:
|
Death of Alp Arsalan, accession of
Malik Shah.
|
|
1077:
|
Death of the Abbasid Caliph AI
Qaim, accession of AI Muqtadi.
|
|
1082:
|
The A1 Moravids conquer Algeria.
|
|
1086:
|
Battle of Zallakha. The AI
Moravids defeat the Christians in Spain. Death of the Rum Sejuk Sultan
Sulaiman, accession of Kilij Arsalan.
|
|
1091:
|
The Normans conquer the island of
Sicily; end of the Muslim rule.
|
|
1092:
|
Death of the Seljuk Sultan Malik
Shah, accession of Mahmud.
|
|
1094:
|
Death of Mahmud; accession of
Barkiaruk. Death of the Abbasid Caliph AI Muqtadi, accession of Mustahzir.
|
|
1095:
|
The first crusade.
|
|
1099:
|
The crusaders capture Jerusalem.
|
12th Century (1100-1199) C.E.
|
1101:
|
Death or the Fatimid Caliph Al
Mustaali, accession of Al Aamir.
|
|
1105:
|
Death of the Seljuk Sultan
Barkiaruk, accession Of Muhammad.
|
|
1106:
|
Death of the AI Motavid Yusuf b
Tashfin.
|
|
1107:
|
Death of the Rum Seljuk Sultan
Kilij Arsalan, succession of Malik Shah.
|
|
1108:
|
Death of the Zirid ruler Tamin,
accession of Yahya.
|
|
1116:
|
Death of the Rum Seljuk Sultan
Malik Shah. accession of Rukn ud Din Masud.
|
|
1118:
|
Death of the Seljuk Sultan
Muhammad; accession of Mahmud II. Death of the Abbasid Caliph Mustahzir,
accession of Mustarshid. In Spain the Christians capture Saragossa.
|
|
1121:
|
Death of the Fatimid Caliph AI
Aamir, accession of AI Hafiz.
|
|
1127:
|
Imad ud Din Zangi establishes the
Zangi rule In Mosul.
|
|
1128:
|
Death of the Khawarzam Shah Qutb
ud Din Muhammad; accession of Atsiz.
|
|
1130:
|
Death of the Seljuk Sultan Mahmud
II; accession of Tughril Beg II.
|
|
1134:
|
Assassination of the Abbasid
Caliph Mustarshid; accession of Al Rashid. Death of the Seljuk Sultan Tughril
Beg II, accession of Masud.
|
|
1135:
|
Deposition of the Abbasid Caliph
AI Rashid, accession of AI Muktafi.
|
|
1144:
|
Imad ud Din Zangi captures Edessa
from the Christians, second crusade.
|
|
1146:
|
Death of Imad ud Din Zangi,
accession of Nur ud Din Zangi.
|
|
1147:
|
In the Maghrib AI Moravids
overthrown by the Al Mohads under Abul Mumin.
|
|
1148:
|
End of the Zirid rule' in North
Africa.
|
|
1149:
|
Death of the Fatimid Caliph AI
Hafiz, accession of AI Zafar.
|
|
1152:
|
Death of the Seljuk Sultan Masud,
accession of Malik Shah II. Hamadid rule extinguished in North Africa.
|
|
1153:
|
Death of the Seljuk Sultan Malik
Shah I1, accession of Muhammad II.
|
|
1154:
|
Death of the Fatimid Caliph AI
Zafar, accession of AI Faiz.
|
|
1156:
|
Death of the Rum Seljuk Sultan
Rukn ud Din Masid, accession of Arsalan II.
|
|
1159:
|
Death of the Seljuk Sultan
Muhammad II, accession of Gulaiman.
|
|
1160:
|
Death of the Abbasid Caliph AI
Mukta, accession of Al Mustanjid. Death of the Fatimid Caliph Al Faiz,
accession of Al Azzid.
|
|
1161:
|
Death of the Seljuk Sulaiman,
accession of Arsalan Shah.
|
|
1163:
|
Death of the AI Mohad ruler Abul
Mumin, accession of Abu Yaqub Yusuf.
|
|
1170:
|
Death of the Abbasid Caliph
Mustanjid, accession of Al Mustazii.
|
|
1171:
|
Death of the Fatimid Caliph AI
Azzid. End of the Fatimids. Salah ud Din founds the Ayyubid dynasty in Egypt.
|
|
1172:
|
Death of the Khawarzam Shah
Arsalan, accession of Sultan Shah.
|
|
1173:
|
The Khawarzam Shah Sultan Shah is
overthrown by Tukush Shah.
|
|
1174:
|
Salah ud Din annexes Syria.
|
|
1175:
|
The Ghurids defeat the Guzz Turks
and occupy Ghazni.
|
|
1176:
|
Death of the Seljuk Sultan Arsalan
Shah, accession of Tughril Beg III.
|
|
1179:
|
Death of the Abbasid Caliph AI
Mustazaii, accession of AI Nasir. Shahab ud Din Ghuri captures Peshawar.
|
|
1185:
|
Death of the AI Mohad ruler Abu
Yaqub Yusuf, accession of Abu Yusuf Yaqub.
|
|
1186:
|
The Ghurids overthrow the
Ghaznvaids in the Punjab.
|
|
1187:
|
Salah ud Din wrests Jerusalem from
the Christians, third crusade.
|
|
1191:
|
Battle of Tarain between the
Rajputs and the Ghurids.
|
|
1193:
|
Death of Salah ud Din; accession
of Al Aziz. Second battleof Tarain.
|
|
1194:
|
Occupation of Delhi by the
Muslims. End of the Seljuk rule.
|
|
1199:
|
Death of the Khawarzam Shah Tukush
Shah; accession of Ala ud Din. Death of the AI Mohad ruler Abu Yusuf Yaqub;
accession of Muhammad Nasir. Conquest of Northern India and Bengal by the
Ghurids.
|
13th Century (1200-1299) C.E.
|
1202:
|
Death of the Ghurid Sultan Ghias
ud Din; accession of Mahmud.
|
|
1204:
|
Shahab ud Din Ghuri defeated by
the Ghuzz Turks.
|
|
1206:
|
Death of Shahab ud Din Ghuri. Qutb
ud Din Aibik crowned king in Lahore.
|
|
1210:
|
Assassination of the Ghurid Sultan
MahmUd, accession of Sam. Death of Qutb ud Din Aibak, accession of Aram Shah
in India.
|
|
1211:
|
End of the Ghurid rule, their
territories annexed by the Khawarzam Shahs. In India Aram Shah overthrown by
Iltutmish.
|
|
1212:
|
Battle of AI Uqab in Spain, end of
the AI Mohad rule in Spain. The AI Mohads suffer defeat by the Christians in
Spain at the Al-Uqba. The AI Mohad Sultan An Nasir escapes to Morocco where
he dies soon after. Accession of his son Yusuf who takes over title of AI
Mustansir.
|
|
1214:
|
In North Africa death of the AI
Mohad ruler Al Nasir, accession of Al Mustansir. The Banu Marin under their
leader Abdul Haq occupy the north eastern part of Morocco.
|
|
1216:
|
The Banu Marin under their leader
Abdul Haq occupy north eastern part of Morocco. The AI Mohads suffer defeat
by the Marinids at the battle of Nakur. The Banu Marin defeat the AI Mobads
at the battle of Nakur.
|
|
1217:
|
The Marinids suffer defeat in the
battle fought on the banks of the Sibu river. Abdul Haq is killed and the
Marinids evacuate Morocco. In the battle of Sibu the Marinids suffer defeat;
their leader Abdul Haq is killed and they evacuate Morocco.
|
|
1218:
|
Death of the Ayyubid ruler AI
Adil, accession of AI Kamil. The Marinids return to Morocco under their
leader Othman and occupy Fez.
|
|
1220:
|
Death of the Khawarzam Shah Ala ud
Din, accession of Jalal ud Din Mangbarni.
|
|
1222:
|
Death of the Zangi ruler Nasir ud
Din Mahmud, power captured by Badr ud Din Lulu.
|
|
1223:
|
Death of the Al Mohad ruler
Muntasir, accession of Abdul Wahid. Death of Yusuf AI Mustansir, accession of
Abdul Wahid in Morocco.. In Spain a brother of Yusuf declares his
independence and assumes the title of AI Adil. In Spain Abu Muhammad
overthrows AI Adil. AI Adil escapes to Morocco and overthrows Abdul Wahid.
|
|
1224:
|
Death of the AI Mohad ruler Abdul
Wahid, accession of Abdullah Adil.
|
|
1225:
|
Death of the Abbasid Caliph AI
Nasir, accession of AI Mustansir.
|
|
1227:
|
Death of the AI Mohad ruler
Abdullah Adil, accession of Mustasim. Assassination of Al Adil, accession of
his son Yahya who assumes the throne under the name of Al Mustasim.
|
|
1229:
|
Death of the AI Mohad ruler
Mustasim, accession of Idris. The Ayyubid AI Kamil restores Jerusalem to the
Christians. Abu Muhammad dies in Spain and is succeeded by Al Mamun. AI Mamun
invades Morocco with Christian help. Yahya is defeated and power is captured
by Al Mamun. He denies the Mahdiship of Ibn Tumarat.
|
|
1230:
|
End of the Khawarzam Shah rule.
|
|
1232:
|
Death of the AI Mohad ruler Idris,
accession, of Abdul Wahid II. Assassination of Al Mamun; accession of his son
Ar-Rashid.
|
|
1234:
|
Death of the Ayyubid ruler AI
Kamil, accession of AI Adil.
|
|
1236:
|
Death of Delhi Sultan Iltutmish.
Accession of Rukn ud Din Feroz Shah.
|
|
1237:
|
Accession of Razia Sultana as
Delhi Sultan.
|
|
1240:
|
Death of Ar-Rashid; accession of
his son Abu Said.
|
|
1241:
|
Death of Razia Sultana, accession
of Bahram Shah.
|
|
1242:
|
Death of Bahram Shah, accession of
Ala ud Din Masud Shah as Delhi Sultan. Death of the AI Mohad rules Abdul
Wahid, accession of Abu Hasan. Death of the Abbasid Caliph Mustansir,
accession of Mustasim.
|
|
1243:
|
Death of the AI Mohad ruler Abdul
Walid II, accession of
|
|
1244:
|
The Al Mohads defeat the Marinids
at the battle of Abu Bayash. The Marinids evacuate Morocco.
|
|
1245:
|
The Muslims reconquer Jerusalem.
|
|
1246:
|
Death of the Delhi Sultan Ala ud
Din Masud Shah, accession of Nasir ud Din Mahmud Shah.
|
|
1248:
|
Death of the AI Mohad ruler Abul Hasan,
accession of Omar Murtaza. Abu Said attacks Tlemsen, but is ambushed and
killed; accession of his son Murtada.
|
|
1250:
|
The Marinids return to Morocco,
and occupy a greatar part thereof.
|
|
1258:
|
The Mongols sack Baghdad. Death of
the Abbasid Caliph Mustasim. End of the Abbasid rule. Fall of Baghdad, end of
the Abbasid caliphate. The Mongol II-Khans under Halaku establish their rule
in Iran and Iraq with the capital at Maragah. Berek Khan the Muslim chief of
the Golden Horde protests against the treatment meted out to the Abbasid
Caliph and withdraw his Contingent from Baghdad.
|
|
1259:
|
Abu Abdullah the Hafsid ruler
declares himself as the Caliph and assumes the name of AI Mustamir.
|
|
1260:
|
Battle of Ayn Jalut in Syria. The
Mongols are defeated by the Mamluks of Egypt, and the spell of the
invincibility of the Mongols is broken. Baybars becomes the Mamluk Sultan.
|
|
1262:
|
Death of Bahauddin Zikriya in
Multan who is credited with the introduction of the Suhrawardi Sufi order in
the IndoPakistan sub-continent.
|
|
1265:
|
Death of Halaku. Death of
Fariduddin Ganj Shakkar the Chishti saint of the Indo-Pakistan sub-continent.
|
|
1266:
|
Death of Berek Khan the first
ruler of the Golden Horde to be converted to Islam. The eighth crusade. The
crusaders invade Tunisia. Failure of the crusade.
|
|
1267:
|
Malik ul Salih establishes the
first Muslim state of Samudra Pasai in Indonesia. Murtada seeks the help of
the Christians, and the Spaniards invade Morocco. The Marinids drive away the
Spaniards from Morocco. Assassination of Murtada; accession of Abu Dabbas.
|
|
1269:
|
Abu Dabbas is overthrown by the
Marinida, End of the Al Mohads. End of the rule of the AI Mohads in Morocco,
the Marinids come to power in Morocco under Abu Yaqub.
|
|
1270:
|
Death of Mansa Wali the founder of
the Muslim rule in M ali.
|
|
1272:
|
Death of Muhammad I the founder of
the state of Granada. Yaghmurason invades Morocco but meets a reverse at the
battle
|
|
1273:
|
Death of Jalaluddin Rumi.
|
|
1274:
|
Death of Nasiruddin Tusi. The
Marinids wrest Sijilmasa from the Zayenids. Ninth crusade under Edward I of
England. The crusade ends in fiasco and Edward returns to England.
|
|
1277:
|
Death of Baybars.
|
|
1280:
|
Battle of Hims.
|
|
1283:
|
Death of Yaghmurasan. Accession of
his son Othman.
|
|
1285:
|
Tunisis splits in Tunis and
Bougie.
|
|
1286:
|
Death of Ghiasuddin Balban. Death
of Abu Yusuf Yaqub. Bughra Khan declares his independence in Bengal under the
name of Nasiruddin.
|
|
1290:
|
End of the slave dynasty
Jalaluddin Khilji comes into power. Othman embarks on a career of conquest
and by 1290 C.E. most of the Central Maghreb is conquered by the Zayanids.
|
|
1291:
|
Saadi.
|
|
1296:
|
Alauddin Ghazan converted to
Islam.
|
|
1299:
|
Mongols invade Syria. The Marinids
besiege Tlemsen the capital of the Zayanids.
|
14th Century (1300-1399) C.E.
|
1301:
|
In Bengal, Death of Ruknuddin the
king of Bengal, succeeded by brother Shamsuddin Firuz.
|
|
1302:
|
In Granada, Death of Muhammad II;
succession of Muhammad III.
|
|
1304:
|
In the Mongols II Khans empire,
Death of Ghazan, succession of his brother Khudabanda Ul Jaytu. In Algeria,
Death of Othman, succession of his son Abu Zayan Muhammad.
|
|
1305:
|
In the Khiljis empire, Alauddin
Khilji conquers Rajputana.
|
|
1306:
|
In the Chughills empire, Death of
Dava, succession of his son Kunjuk.
|
|
1307:
|
In the Marinids empire,
Assassination of the Marinid Sultan Abu Yaqub Yusuf; accession of Abu Thabit
|
|
1308:
|
In the Chughills empire,
Deposition of Kunjuk, power captured by Taliku. In Algeria, Death of Abu
Zayan Muhammad, succession of his brother Abu Hamuw Musa. In the Marinids
empire, Abu Thabit overthrown by Abu Rabeah Sulaiman.
|
|
1309:
|
In the Chughills empire,
Assassination of Taliku, accession of Kubak. In Granada, Muhammad III
overthrown by his uncle Abul Juyush Nasr.
|
|
1310:
|
In the Chughills empire, Kubak
overthrown by his brother Isan Buga. In the Marinids empire, Abu Rabeah
Sulaiman overthrown by Abu Said Othman. In the Khiljis empire, Alauddin
conquers Deccan.
|
|
1312:
|
In Tunisia, In Tunis Abul Baqa is
overthrown by Al Lihiani.
|
|
1313:
|
In the Mongols II Khans empire,
Invasion of Syria, the Mongols repulsed. In the Golden Horde empire, Death of
Toktu, accession of his nephew Uzbeg.
|
|
1314:
|
In Kashmir, Rainchan an adventurer
from Baltistan overthrows Sinha Deva the Raja of Kashmir. Rainchan is
converted to Islam and adopts the name of Sadrud Din. In Granada, Abul Juyush
overthrown by his nephew Abul Wahid Ismail.
|
|
1315:
|
In Tunisia, War between Bougie and
Tunis, Lihani defeated and killed. Abu Bakr becomes the ruler of Bougie and
Tunis.
|
|
1316:
|
In the Mongols II Khans empire,
Death of Khudabanda Ul Jaytu, succession of Abu Said. In the Khiljis empire,
Death of Alauddin, accession of Shahabuddin Umar, usurpation of power by
Malik Kafur, a Hindu convert.
|
|
1318:
|
In the Khiljis empire,
Assassination of Malik Kafur, deposition of Shahabuddin Umar, accession of
Qutbuddin Mubarak. In the Chughills empire, Isan Buga overthrown by Kubak.
|
|
1320:
|
In the Khiljis empire,
Assassination of Qutbuddin Mubarak, usurpation of power by Khusro Khan a
Hindu convert. Khusro Khan overthrown by Ghazi Malik. End of the rule of
Khiljis. In Tunisia, Abu Bakr expelled from Tunis by Abu Imran. In the
Tughluqs empire, Ghazi Malik founds the rule of the Tughluq dynasty.
|
|
1321:
|
In the Chughills empire, Death of
Kubak, succession of Hebbishsi who is overthrown by Dava Temur.
|
|
1322:
|
In the Chughills empire, Dava
Temur overthrown by Tarmashirin, who is converted to Islam. In Bengal, Death
of Shamsuddin Firuz. The kingdom divided into two parts. Ghiasuddin Bahadur
became the ruler of East Bengal with the capital at Sonargaon, Shahabuddin
became the ruler of West Bengal with the capital at Lakhnauti.
|
|
1324:
|
In Bengal, Shahabuddin dies and is
succeeded by his brother Nasiruddin.
|
|
1325:
|
In the Tughluqs empire, Death of
Ghazi Malik (Ghiasuddin Tughluq); accession of his son Muhammad Tughluq. In
Granada, Assassination of Abul Wahid Ismail, succession of his son Muhammad
IV. Assassination of Muhammad IV. Accession of his brother Abul Hallaj Yusuf.
In the Samudra Pasai empire, Death of Malik al Tahir I, accession of Malik al
Tahir II. In Bengal, With the help of Ghiasuddin Tughluq, Nasiruddin
over-throws. Ghiasuddin Bahadur and himself become's the ruler of United
Bengal.
|
|
1326:
|
In the Ottoman Turks empire, Death
of Othman, succession of Orkhan. Orkhan conquers Bursa and makes it his
capital.
|
|
1327:
|
In the Ottoman Turks empire, The
Turks capture the city of Nicaea.
|
|
1329:
|
In the Tughluqs empire, Muhammad
Tughluq shifts the capital from Delhi to Daulatabad in Deccan.
|
|
1330:
|
In the Chughills empire, Death of
Tramashirin, succession of Changshahi. Amir Hussain establishes the rule of
the Jalayar dynasty at Baghdad. In Tunisia, Abu Bakr overthrows Abu Imran and
the state is again united, under him. In Bengal, Muhammad b Tughluq reverses
the policy of his father and restores Ghiasuddin Bahadur to the throne of
Sonargeon.
|
|
1331:
|
In the Marinids empire, Death of
Abu Said Othman, sucession of Abul Hasan. In Bengal, Annexation of Bengal by
the Tughluqs.
|
|
1335:
|
In the Mongols II Khans empire,
Death of Abu Said, power captured by Arpa Koun. In the Chughills empire,
Assassination of Changshahi, accession of Burun.
|
|
1336:
|
In the Mongols II Khans empire,
Arpa defeated and killed, succeeded by Musa. Birth of Amir Temur. In the
Jalayar empire, Death of Amir Hussain, succession of Hasan Buzurg. In the
Ottoman Turks empire, The Turks annex the state of Karasi. In Bengal, The
Tughluq Governor at Sonargeon assassinated by armour bearer who captured
power and declared his independence assuming the name of Fakhruddin Mubarak
Shah.
|
|
1337:
|
In the Mongols II Khans empire,
The rule of Musa overthrown, Muhammad becomes the Sultan. In the Sarbadaran
empire, On the disintegration of the II-Khan rule, Abdur Razaq a military
adventurer establishes an independent principality in Khurasan with the
capital at Sabzwar. In the Muzaffarids empire, On the disintegration of the
II Khan rule Mubarazud Din Muhammad established the rule of the Muzaffarid
dynasty. In the Ottoman Turks empire, The Turks capture the city of
Nicomedia. In Algeria, Algeria is occupied by Marinids.
|
|
1338:
|
In the Mongols II Khans empire,
Muhammad overthrown, succession of Sati Beg. Sati Beg marries Sulaiman who
becomes the co-ruler.
|
|
1339:
|
In Kashmir, Death of Sadrud Din,
throne captured by a Hindu Udyana Deva. In the Chughills empire, Deposition
of Burun, accession of Isun Temur. In Bengal, The Tughluq Governor at
Lakhnauti-Qadr Khan assassinated and power is captured by the army
commander-in-chief who declares his independence and assumes the title of
Alauddin Ali Shah.
|
|
1340:
|
In the Muzaffarids empire, The
Muzaffarids conquer Kirman. In the Chughills empire, Deposition of Isun
Temur, accession of Muhammad.
|
|
1341:
|
In the Golden Horde empire, Death
of Uzbeg, succession of his son Tini Beg.
|
|
1342:
|
In the Golden Horde empire, Tini
Beg overthrown by his brother Jani Beg.
|
|
1343:
|
In the Chughills empire, Muhammad
overthrown, power captured by Kazan. In Bengal, Ilyas an officer of Alauddin
murders his patron and captures the throne of West Bengal.
|
|
1344:
|
In the Mongols II Khans empire,
Deposition of Sulaiman, succession of Anusherwan.
|
|
1345:
|
In the Samudra Pasai empire, Death
of Malik al Tahir II, accession of Tahir III. His rule lasted throughout the
fourteenth century. In Bengal, llyas captures East Bengal and under him
Bengal is again united. He establishes his capital at Gaur.
|
|
1346:
|
In the Chughills empire,
Deposition of Kazan, accession of Hayan Kuli. In Tunisia, Death of Abu Bakr,
succession of his son Fadal. In Kashmir, Death of Udyana Deva, throne
captured by Shah Mirza who assumed the name of Shah Mir, and rounded the rule
of Shah Mir dynasty.
|
|
1347:
|
The Marinids capture Tunisia. In
the Bahmanids empire, Hasan Gangu declares his independence and establishes a
state in Deccan with the capital at Gulbarga.
|
|
1349:
|
In Kashmir, Death of Shah Mir,
accession of his son Jamsbed. In Algeria, The Zayanids under Abu Said Othman
recapture Algeria.
|
|
1350:
|
In the Sarbadaran empire, Revolt
against Abdur Razaq. Power captured by Amir Masud. In Tunisia, Deposition of
Fadal, succession of his brother Abu Ishaq. In Kashmir, Jamshed overthrown by
his step brother Alauddin Ali Sher.
|
|
1351:
|
In the Marinids empire, Death of
Abul Hasan, succession of Abu Inan. In the Tughluqs empire, Death of Muhammad
Tughluq accession of Firuz Shah Tughluq.
|
|
1352:
|
In Algeria, The Marinids again
capture Algeria. Abu Said Othman is taken captive and killed.
|
|
1353:
|
End of the Mongol II Khan rule. In
the Ottoman Turks empire, The Turks acquire the fortress of Tympa on the
European side of the Hollespoint. In the Muzaffarids empire, The Muzaffarids
conquer Shiraz and establish their capital there.
|
|
1354:
|
In the Muzaffarids empire, The
Muzaffarids annex Isfahan. In Granada, Assassination of Abu Hallaj Yusuf,
succession of his son Muhammad V.
|
|
1356:
|
In the Jalayar empire, Death of
Hasan Buzurg, succession of his son Owaia.
|
|
1357:
|
In the Golden Horde empire, Death
of Jani Beg, succession of Kulpa.
|
|
1358:
|
In the Bahmanids empire, Death of
Hasan Gangu, accession of his son Muhammad Shah. In the Muzaffarids empire,
Death of Mubarazuddin Muhammad; accession of Shah Shuja. In the Marinids empire,
Assassination of Abu Inan, succession of Abu Bakr Said. In Bengal, Death of
Ilyas, succession of his son Sikandar Shah.
|
|
1359:
|
In the Ottoman Turks empire, Death
of Orkhan, succession of Murad. In the Muzaffarids empire, Shah Shuja deposed
by his brother Shah Mahmud. In Tunisia, Abul Abbas a nephew of Abu Ishaq
revolts and establishes his rule in Bougie. In Algeria, The Zayanids under
Abu Hamuw II recapture Algeria. In the Marinids empire, Abu Bakr Said
overthrown by Abu Salim Ibrahim. In Granada, Muhammad V loses the throne in
palace revolution, succeeded by Ismail.
|
|
1360:
|
In the Muzaffarids empire, Death
of Shah Mahmud. Shah Shuja recaptures power. In the Chughills empire, Power
captured by Tughluq Temur. In Granada, Ismail overthrown by his brother-in-law
Abu Said.
|
|
1361:
|
In the Ottoman Turks empire, Murad
conquers a part of Thrace and establishes his capital at Demolika in Thrace.
In the Golden Horde empire, Kulpa overthrown by his brother Nauroz. In the
Marinids empire, Abu Salim Ibrahim overthrown by Abu Umar. Abu Umar
overthrown by Abu Zayyan.
|
|
1362:
|
In the Golden Horde empire, State
of anarchy. During 20 years as many as 14 rulers came to the throne and made
their exit. In Granada, Abu Said overthrown by Muhammad V who comes to rule
for the second time. In Kashmir, Death of Alauddin Ali Sher, succeeded by his
brother Shahabuddin.
|
|
1365:
|
In the Ottoman Turks empire, The
Turks defeat the Christians at the battle of Matiza, the Byzantine ruler
becomes a vassal of the Turks.
|
|
1366:
|
In the Marinids empire,
Assassination of Abu Zayyan, succession of Abu Faris Abdul Aziz.
|
|
1369:
|
Power captured by Amir Temur. End
of the rule of the Chughills. Amir Temur captures power in Transoxiana. In
Tunisia, Death of Abu Ishaq. Succession of his son Abu Baqa Khalid.
|
|
1370:
|
In Tunisia, Abu Baqa overthrown by
Abul Abbas under whom the state is reunited. In the Sarbadaran empire, Death
of Amir Masud, succession of Muhammad Temur.
|
|
1371:
|
In the Ottoman Turks empire,
Invasion of Bulgaria, Bulgarian territory upto the Balkans annexed by the
Turks.
|
|
1372:
|
In the Marinids empire, Death of
Abu Faris, succession of Abu Muhammad.
|
|
1374:
|
In the Marinids empire, Abu
Muhammad overthrown by Abul Abbas.
|
|
1375:
|
In the Sarbadaran empire,
Deposition of Muhammad Temur, power captured by Shamsuddin. In the Jalayar
empire, Death of Owais, succession by his son Hussain.
|
|
1376:
|
In Kashmir, Death of Shahabuddin,
succeeded by his brother Qutbuddin.
|
|
1377:
|
In the Bahmanids empire, Death of
Muhammad Shah, succeeded by his son Mujahid.
|
|
1378:
|
In the Bahmanids empire, Mujahid
assassinated, throne captured by his uncle Daud.
|
|
1379:
|
Turkomans of the Black Sheep
empire, Bairam Khawaja found the independent principality of the Turkomans of
the Black Sheep and established his capital at Van in Armenia. In the
Bahmanids empire, Assassination of Daud; accession of Muhammad Khan.
|
|
1380:
|
In the Golden Horde empire, Power
is captured by Toktamish, a prince of the White Horde of Siberia. In Amir
Temur's empire, Amir Temur crosses the Oxus and conquers Khurasan and Herat.
Amir Temur invades Persia and subjugates the Muzaffarids and Mazandaran.
|
|
1381:
|
In Amir Temur's empire, Annexation
of Seestan, capture of Qandhar.
|
|
1384:
|
In Amir Temur's empire, Conquest
of Astrabad, Mazandaran, Rayy and Sultaniyah. In the Muzaffarids empire,
Death of Shah Shuja, accession of his son Zainul Abdin. In the Marinids
empire, Abul Abbas overthrown by Mustansir. Turkomans of the Black Sheep
empire, Death of Bairam Khawaja, succession of Qara Muhammad.
|
|
1386:
|
In Amir Temur's empire, Annexation
of Azarbaijan, Georgea overrun. Subjugation of Gilan and Shirvan. Turkomans
of the Black Sheep defeated. In the Marinids empire, Death of Mustansir,
succession of Muhammad.
|
|
1387:
|
In the Marinids empire, Muhammad
overthrown by Abul Abbas who comes to power for the second time.
|
|
1388:
|
In Algeria, Death of Abu Hamuw II,
succession of Abu Tashfin. In the Tughluqs empire, Death of Firuz Shah
Tughluq, succeeded by his grandson Ghiasuddin Tughluq II.
|
|
1389:
|
of Abu Bakr Tughluq Shah.
Turkomans of the Black Sheep empire, Death of Qara Muhammad. succession of
Qara Yusuf.
|
|
1390:
|
In the Tughluqs empire, Abu Bakr
overthrow by Nasiruddin Tughluq. In Bengal, Death of Sikandar Shah, accession
of his son Ghiasud. In the Burji Mamluks empire, The rule of the Burji
Mamluks rounded by Saifuddin Barquq.
|
|
1391:
|
In Amir Temur's empire, Annexation
of Fars. In the Muzaffarids empire, Annexation of the Muzaffarids by Amir
Temur. In Granada, Death of Muhammad V, succession of his son Abu Hallaj
Yusuf II.
|
|
1392:
|
In the Jalayar empire, Death of
Hussain, succession of his son Ahmad. In Granada, Death of Abu Hallaj ;
succession of Muhammad VI.
|
|
1393:
|
Amir Temur defeats Tiktomish, the
ruler of the Golden Horde. Capture of the Jalayar dominions by Amir Temur. In
the Marinids empire, Death of Abul Abbas; succession of Abu Faris II.
|
|
1394:
|
Amir Temur defeats the Duke of
Moscow. In the Tughluqs empire, Death of Nasiruddin Tugluq, accession of
Alauddin Sikandar Shah. In Kashmir, Death of Qutbuddin. Turkomans of the
White Sheep empire, Qara Othman established the rule of the White Sheep
Turkomans in Diyarbekr.
|
|
1395:
|
In the Golden Horde empire, Amir
Temur defeated Toktamish and razes Serai to the ground. End of the rule of
the Golden Horde. Annexation of Iraq by Amir Temur. In the Tughluqs empire,
Death of Sikandar Shah. Accession of Muhammad Shah.
|
|
1396:
|
In the Amir Temur's empire,
Destruction of Sarai, and of the rule of the Golden Horde. In the Sarbadaran
empire, Principality annexed by Amir Temur.
|
|
1397:
|
In the Bahmanids empire, Death of
Muhammad Khan.
|
|
1398:
|
In the Amir Temur's empire,
Campaign in India. In the Marinids empire, Death of Abu Faris II. In the
Tughluqs empire, Invasion of Amir Timur, Mahmud Shah escapes from the
capital. In Morocco, Death of the Marinid Sultan Abu Faris II; succession of
his son Abu Said Othman.
|
|
1399:
|
In the Amir Temur's empire,
Campaign in Iraq and Syria. In the Burji Mamluks empire, Death of Saifuddin
Barquq, succession of his son Nasiruddin in Faraj.
|
15th Century (1400-1499) C.E.
|
1400:
|
In the Burji Mamluks empire, The
Mamluks lost Syria which was occupied by Amir Timur.
|
|
1401:
|
In the Golden Horde empire, Death
of Timur Qutluq, the ruler, installed by Amir Timur. accession of Shadi Beg.
|
|
1402:
|
In the Ottoman Turks empire,
Defeat of Bayazid at the battle of Ankara, taken captive Amir Timur.
|
|
1403:
|
In the Ottoman Turks empire,
Muhammad I, the son of Bayazid ascended the throne.
|
|
1405:
|
In the Timurids empire, Death of
Amir Timur, succession of his son Shah Rukh.
|
|
1407:
|
In the Golden Horde empire,
Deposition of Shadi Beg, installation of Faulad Khan by the king maker Edigu.
|
|
1410:
|
In the Golden Horde empire,
Deposition of Faulad Khan, installation of Timur.
|
|
1412:
|
In the Golden Horde empire,
Deposition of Timur, installation of Jalaluddin. In the Burji Mamluks empire,
Death of Nasiruddin Faraj, succession of Al Muayyad.
|
|
1413:
|
In the Golden Horde empire,
Deposition of Jalaluddin, installation of Karim Bardo.
|
|
1414:
|
In the Golden Horde empire,
Deposition of Karim Bardo, installation of Kubak Khan.
|
|
1416:
|
In the Golden Horde empire,
Deposition of Kubak Khan, installation of Jahar Balrawi. Deposition of Jahar
Balrawi, installation of Chaighray.
|
|
1419:
|
In the Golden Horde empire, Death
of Edigu, overthrow of Chaighray, power captured by Ulugh Muhammad.
|
|
1420:
|
Turkomans of the Black Sheep
empire, Death of Qara Yusuf; succession of his son Qara Iskandar. In Morocco,
Assassination of Abu Said Othman; succession of his infant son Abdul Haq.
|
|
1421:
|
In the Ottoman Turks empire, Death
of Muhammad I; accession of his son Murad II. In the Burji Mamluks empire,
Death of Al Muayyad, succession of Muzaffar Ahmad. Muzaffar Ahmad overthrown
by Amir Saifuddin Tata, Death of Saifuddin Tata, succession of his son
Muhammad. Muhammad overthrown by Amir Barsbay.
|
|
1424:
|
In the Golden Horde empire, Death
of Daulat Bairawi, succession of Berk. In Algeria, The Halsida of Tunisia
occupy Algeria. This state of affairs continued throughout the fifteenth
century.
|
|
1425:
|
In the Uzbegs empire, Abul Khayr,
a prince of the house of Uzbeg declare his independence in the western part
of Siberia,
|
|
1427:
|
In the Golden Horde empire, Berk
overthrown by Ulugh Muhammad who captured power for the second time.
|
|
1430:
|
In the Uzbegs empire, Abul Khayr
occupies Khawarazm.
|
|
1434:
|
Turkomans of the Black Sheep
empire, Deposition of Qara Iskandar; installation of his brother Jahan Shah.
Turkomans of the White Sheep empire, Death of Qara Othman, succession of his
son Ali Beg. In Tunisia, Death of Abul Faris after a rule of forty years,
succession of his son Abu Abdullah Muhammad.
|
|
1435:
|
In Tunisia, Deposition of Abu
Abdullah Muhammad, power captured by Abu Umar Othman.
|
|
1438:
|
In the Burji Mamluks empire, Death
of Barsbay, accession of his minor son Jamaluddin Yusuf; Yusuf overthrown and
power captured by the Chief Minister Saifuddin Gakmuk. Turkomans of the White
Sheep empire, Ali Beg overthrown by his brother Hamza.
|
|
1439:
|
In the Golden Horde empire, Ulugh
Muhammad withdrew from Sarai and found the principality of Qazan. Said Ahmad
came to power in Sarai.
|
|
1440:
|
Turkomans of the White Sheep
empire, Hamza overthrown by Jahangir a son of Ali Beg.
|
|
1441:
|
In the Golden Horde empire, Crimea
seceded from Sarai.
|
|
1446:
|
In the Timurids empire, Death of
Shah Rukh, succession of Ulugh Beg. In the Ottoman Turks empire, Second
battle of Kossova resulting in the victory of the Turks. Serbia annexed to
Turkey and Bosnia became its vassal.
|
|
1447:
|
In the Golden Horde empire, Astra
Khan seceded from Sarai.
|
|
1449:
|
In the Uzbegs empire, Abul Khayr
captures Farghana. In the Timurids empire, Death of Ulugh Beg, succession of
Abdul Latif.
|
|
1450:
|
In the Timurids empire,
Assassination of Abdul Latif, accession of Abu Said.
|
|
1451:
|
In the Ottoman Turks empire, Death
of Murad II; accession of his son Muhammad II.
|
|
1453:
|
In the Ottoman Turks empire,
Capture of Constantinople by the Turks. Turkomans of the White Sheep empire,
Death of Jahangir; accession of his son Uzun Hasan. In the Burji Mamluks
empire, Death of Gakmuk. succession of his son Fakhruddin Othman. Othman
overthrown by the Mamluk General Saifuddin Inal.
|
|
1454:
|
In the Ottoman Turks empire,
Attack against Wallachia, Wallachia became a vassal state of Turkey.
|
|
1456:
|
In the Ottoman Turks empire,
Annexation of Serbia.
|
|
1461:
|
In the Ottoman Turks empire,
Annexation of Bosnia and Herzogovina. In the Burji Mamluks empire, Death of
Saifuddin Inal, succession of his son Shahabuddin Ahmad. Shahabuddin Ahmad
overthrown by the Mamluk General Saifuddin Khushqadam.
|
|
1462:
|
In the Ottoman Turks empire,
Annexation of Albania.
|
|
1465:
|
In the Golden Horde empire, Death
of Said Ahmad, succession of his son Khan Ahmad. In Morocco, Assassination of
Abdul Haq. End of the Marinid rule. Power snatched by Sharif Muhammad al
Jati.
|
|
1467:
|
Turkomans of the Black Sheep
empire, Death of Jahan Shah, end of the rule of the Black Sheep Turkoman
rule. Turkomans of the White Sheep empire, Jahan Shah of the Black Sheep
attacked the White Sheep. Jahan Shah was defeated and the Black Sheep
territories annexed by the White Sheep. In the Burji Mamluks empire, Death of
Khushqadam, accession of his son Saifuddin Yel Bey. Deposition of Yel Bey,
power captured by the Mamluk General Temur Bugha.
|
|
1468:
|
In the Uzbegs empire, Death of
Abul Khayr, succession of his son Haidar Sultan. Turkomans of the White Sheep
empire, Uzun Hasan defeated the Timurids at the battle of Qarabagh whereby
the White Sheep became the masters of Persia and Khurasan. In the Burji
Mamluks empire, Deposition of Femur Bugha, power captured by the Mamluk
General Qait Bay.
|
|
1469:
|
In the Timurids empire, Death of
Abu Said, disintegration of the Timurid state. In Khurasan Hussain Baygara
came to power and he ruled during the remaining years of the fifteenth
century.
|
|
1472:
|
In Morocco, Sharif Muhammad al
Jati overthrown by the Wattisid chief Muhammad al Shaikh who establishes the
rule of the Wattisid dynasty.
|
|
1473:
|
In the Ottoman Turks empire, War
against Persia; Persians defeated.
|
|
1475:
|
In the Ottoman Turks empire,
Annexation of Crimea. War against Venice. Tukey became the master of the
Aegean Sea.
|
|
1478:
|
Turkomans of the White Sheep
empire, Death of Uzun Hasan, succession of his son Khalil.
|
|
1479:
|
Turkomans of the White Sheep
empire, Khalil overthrown by his uncle Yaqub.
|
|
1480:
|
In the Golden Horde empire,
Assassination of Khan Ahmad, succession of his son Said Ahmad II.
|
|
1481:
|
In the Golden Horde empire, Said
Ahmad I1 overthrown by his brother Murtada. In the Ottoman Turks empire,
Death of Muhammad II, accession of Bayazid II.
|
|
1488:
|
In the Uzbegs empire, Death of
Haider Sultan, succession of his nephew Shaybani Khan. In Tunisia, Death of
Abu Umar Othman after a rule of 52 years, succession of Abu Zikriya Yahya.
|
|
1489:
|
In Tunisia, Abu Zikriya Yahya
overthrown by Abul Mumin.
|
|
1490:
|
In Tunisia, Abul Mumin overthrown,
power recaptured by Abu Yahya.
|
|
1493:
|
Turkomans of the White Sheep empire,
Death of Yaqub. accession of his son Bayangir.
|
|
1495:
|
Turkomans of the White Sheep
empire, Bayangir overthown by his cousin Rustam.
|
|
1496:
|
In the Burji Mamluks empire,
Abdication of Qait Bay, succession of his son Nasir Muhammad.
|
|
1497:
|
Turkomans of the White Sheep
empire, Rustam overthrown by Ahmad. Anarchy and fragmentation.
|
|
1498:
|
In the Burji Mamluks empire,
Deposition of Nasir Muhammad, power captured by Zahir Kanauh.
|
|
1499:
|
In the Uzbegs empire, Shayhani
Khan conquered Transoxiana. In the Golden Horde empire, Death of Murtada,
succession of Said Ahmad III." In the Ottoman Turks empire, The Turks
defeated the Venetian fleet in the battle of Lepanto.
|
16th Century (1500-1599) C.E.
|
1500:
|
In the Burji Mamluks empire, Zahir
Kanauh overthrown by Ashraf Gan Balat.
|
|
1501:
|
Isamil I establishes the Safavid
dynasty in Persia, and the Twelve-Imam Shi'ism becomes the state religion.
|
|
1507:
|
The Portuguese under d'Albuquerque
establish strongholds in the Persian Gulf.
|
|
1508:
|
Turkomans of the White Sheep
empire, End of the White Sheep dynasty and the annexation of their
territories by the Safawids.
|
|
1511:
|
D'Albuquerque conquers Malacca
from the Muslims.
|
|
1517:
|
The Ottoman Sultan Selim Yavuz
("the Grim") defeats the Mamluks and conquers Egypt.
|
|
1520:
|
The reign of Sulayman the
Magnificent begins.
|
|
1526:
|
Louis of Hungary dies at the
Battle of Mohacs.
|
|
1526:
|
The Battle of Panipat in India,
and the Moghul conquest; Babur makes his capital at Delhi and Agra.
|
|
1528:
|
The Ottomans take Buda in Hungary.
|
|
1529:
|
Unsuccessful Ottoman siege of
Vienna.
|
|
1550:
|
The architect Sinan builds the
Suleymaniye mosque in Istanbul.
|
|
1550:
|
The rise of the Muslim kingdom of
Atjeh in Sumatra.
|
|
1550:
|
Islam spreads to Java, the
Moluccas, and Borneo.
|
|
1556:
|
The death of Sulayman the
Magnificent.
|
|
1568:
|
Alpujarra uprising of the Moriscos
(Muslims forcibly converted to Catholicism) in Spain.
|
|
1571:
|
The Ottomans are defeated at the
naval Battle of Lepanto, and their dominance in the Mediterranean is brought
to a close.
|
|
1578:
|
The Battle of the Three Kings at
Qasr al-Kabir in Morocco. King Sebastian of Portugal is killed.
|
|
1588:
|
Reign of Safavid Sultan Shah Abbas
I begins.
|
|
1591:
|
Mustaili Ismailis split into
Sulaymanis and Daudis.
|
17th Century (1600-1699) C.E.
|
1600:
|
Sind annexed by the Mughals. End
of the Arghun rule in Sind.
|
|
1601:
|
Khandesh annexed by the Mughals.
|
|
1603:
|
Battle of Urmiyah. Turks suffer
defeat. Persia occupies Tabriz, Mesopotamia. Mosul and Diyarbekr. Death of
Muhammad III, Sultan of Turkey, accession of Ahmad I. In Morocco al Shaikh died.
|
|
1604:
|
In Indonesia death of Alauddin
Rayat Shah, Sultan of Acheh, accession of Ali Rayat Shah III.
|
|
1605:
|
Death of the Mughal emperor Akbar;
accession of Jahangir.
|
|
1607:
|
Annexation of Ahmadnagar by the
Mughals.
|
|
1609:
|
Annexation of Bidar by the Mughals
|
|
1611:
|
Kuch Behar subjugated by the
Mughals.
|
|
1612:
|
Kamrup annexed by the Mughals.
|
|
1617:
|
Death of Ahmad I, Sultan of
Turkey, accession of Mustafa; Deposition of Mustafa: accession of Othman II.
|
|
1618:
|
Tipperah annexed by the Mughals.:
|
|
'
|
|
|
1620:
|
In Turkey deposition of Mustafa,
accession of Othman II.
|
|
1623:
|
In Turkey Mustafa recaptured
power.
|
|
1625:
|
In Turkey deposition of Mustafa,
accession of Murad IV.
|
|
1627:
|
Death of the Mughal emperor
Jahangir, accession of Shah Jahan.
|
|
1628:
|
Reign of Safavid Sultan Shah Abbas
I comes to an end.
|
|
1629:
|
In Persia death of Shah Abbas;
accession of grandson Safi.
|
|
1631:
|
Death of Mumtaz Mahal, wife of
Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan and the lady of Taj Mahal, Agra.
|
|
1637:
|
Death of Iskandar Muda in
Indonesia; accession of Iskandar II.
|
|
1640:
|
Death of Otthman Sultan Murad IV.
accession of his brother Ibrahim.
|
|
1641:
|
Turks capture Azov. In Indonesia
death of Iskandar II; accession of the Queen Tajul Alam.
|
|
1642:
|
In Persia death of Shah Safi,
accession of Shah Abbas II.
|
|
1648:
|
In Turkey Ibrahim deposed;
accession of Muhammad IV.
|
|
1656:
|
Muhammad Kuiprilli becomes the
Grand Minister in Turkey.
|
|
1658:
|
Deposition of the Mughal emperor
Shah Jahan, accession of Aurangzeb.
|
|
1661:
|
Death of Muhammad Kuiprilli,
accession of his son Ahmad Kuiprilli.
|
|
1667:
|
Death of Shah Abbas II; accession
of Shah Sulaiman.
|
|
1675:
|
Execution of the Sikh Guru Tegh
Bahadur. In Indonesia death of the queen Tajul Alam, accession of the queen
Nur ul Alam.
|
|
1676:
|
Death of the Grand Wazir of Turkey
Ahmad Kuiprilli, succession by Kara Mustafa.
|
|
1678:
|
In Indonesia death of the queen
Nur ul Alam, accession of the queen Inayat Zakia.
|
|
1680:
|
Death of Marhatta chieftain
Shivaji.
|
|
1682:
|
Assam annexed by the Mughals.
Aurangzeb shifts the capital to Aurangabad in the Deccan.
|
|
1683:
|
The Turks lift the siege of Vienna
and retreat. Kara Mustafa the Grand Wazir executed for the failure of the
expedition.
|
|
1686:
|
Annexation of Bijapur by the
Mughals.
|
|
1687:
|
Golkunda annexed by the Mughals.
Second battle of Mohads. Defeat of the Turks by Austria. Deposition of
Muhammad IV. Accession of Sulaiman II.
|
|
1688:
|
In Indonesia death of queen Inayat
Zakia, accession of the queen Kamalah.
|
|
1690:
|
Death of the Ottoman Sultan
Sulaiman II, accession of Ahmad II.
|
|
1692:
|
Death of the Turk Sultan Ahmad II,
accession of Mustafa II.
|
|
1694:
|
In Persia death of Shah Safi,
accession of Shah Hussain.
|
|
1699:
|
In Indonesia death of Queen
Kamalah.
|
18th Century (1700-1799) C.E.
|
1700:
|
Murshid Quli Khan declares the
independence of Bengal and establishes his capital at Murshidabad.
|
|
1703:
|
Ahmad 11I becomes the Ottoman
Sultan. Birth of Shah Wali Ullah. Birth of the religious reformer Muhammad b
Abdul Wahab.
|
|
1707:
|
Death of the Mughal emperor
Aurangzeb, accession of his son Bahadur Shah.
|
|
1711:
|
War between Turkey and Russia.
Russia defeated at the battle of Pruth.
|
|
1712:
|
Death of the Mughal emperor
Bahadur Shah, accession of Jahandar Shah.
|
|
1713:
|
Jahandar Shah overthrown by his
nephew Farrukh Siyar.
|
|
1718:
|
In the war against Austria, Turkey
suffers defeat. By the treaty of Passarowich Turkey loses Hungary.
|
|
1719:
|
Deposition of the Mughal emperor
Farrukh Siyar Muhammad Shah ascends the throne. In Sind the Kalhoras came to
power under Nur Muhammad Kalhora.
|
|
1722:
|
Saadat Khan found the independent
state of Oudh. Battle of Gulnabad between the Afghans and the Persians. The
Persians were defeated and the Afghans under Shah Mahmud became the masters
of a greater part of Persia. Shah Hussain taken captive, accession of Shah
Tahmasp II.
|
|
1730:
|
Zanzibar freed from Portugese rule
and occupied by Oreart.
|
|
1747:
|
Ahmad Shah Durrani established
Afghan rule in Afghanistan.
|
|
1752:
|
Death of Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai,
writer of Sassi Pannu, Sohni Mahinwal and Umer Marvo.
|
|
1752:
|
Ahmed Shah Durrani captured
Punjab, Kashmir and Sind.
|
|
1761:
|
Death of Shah Waliullah Dehlavi.
|
|
1761:
|
Battle of Panipat. Ahmad Shah
Durrani came to India at the invitation of Shah Waliullah Dehlavi and smashed
rising Maratha power in the battle of Panipat.
|
|
1764:
|
Conversion to Islam of Areadi
Gaya. ruler of Futa Bandu State in West Sudan.
|
|
1773:
|
Death of Ahmad Shah Durrani.
|
|
1783:
|
End of Kalhora rule in Sind.
|
|
1797:
|
Death of Muhammad Khan Qachar,
king of Persia.
|
|
1797:
|
Russia occupied Daghestan.
|
|
1799:
|
Ranjit Singh declared himself
Maharajah of Punjab defeating Afghans.
|
|
1799:
|
Khoqand declared independent
Islamic State.
|
19th Century (1800-1899) C.E.
|
1803:
|
Shah Abdul Aziz ibn Saud
assassinated by a Shia fanatic. Shah Shuja proclaimed as King of Afghanistan.
|
|
1805:
|
Ibn Saud captured Madinah
defeating the Turk garrison.
|
|
1804:
|
Othman Dan Fodio established
Islamic State of Sokoto in Central Sudan.
|
|
1805:
|
Faraizi movement launched in
Bengal. Muhammad Ali appointed Pasha of Egypt by the Turks.
|
|
1806:
|
Khanate of Khiva came into
limelight under the rule of Muhammad Rahim Khan.
|
|
1807:
|
Darqawi sect revolted against
Turkish domination. Tunisia repudiated suzerainty of Algeria.
|
|
1811:
|
Birth of Ali Muhammad Bab founder
of Bab movement.
|
|
1811:
|
British occupied Indonesia.
|
|
1812:
|
Madina fell to Egyptians.
|
|
1813:
|
Makkah and Taif captured by Egyptian
forces and Saudis expelled from Hijaz.
|
|
1814:
|
Iran executed treaty of alliance
with the British known as Definitive Treaty.
|
|
1814:
|
Death of Ibn Saud II.
|
|
1814:
|
King Othman of Tunisia
assassinated by his cousin Mahmud.
|
|
1816:
|
British withdrew from Indonesia
restoring it to the Dutch.
|
|
1822:
|
Death of Maulay Ismail in Morocco.
|
|
1827:
|
Malaya became a preserve of the
British according to Anglo- Netherland treaty in 1824.
|
|
1828:
|
Russia declared war against
Turkey.
|
|
1829:
|
Treaty of Adrianople.
|
|
1830:
|
French forces landed near Algiers
and occupied Algeria ending 313 years rule of Turks.
|
|
1831:
|
Syed Ahmad Barelvi and Shah Ismail
leaders of Jihad movement in India fell fighting the Sikhs in Balakot.
|
|
1832:
|
Turks defeated in the battle of
Konia by Egyptian forces.
|
|
1832:
|
Sayyid Said, King of Oman, shifted
his capital to Zanzibar.
|
|
1834:
|
Abdul Qadir recognised as ruler of
the area under his control by the French.
|
|
1839:
|
Defeat of Turkey by the Egyptians
in the battle of Nisibin.
|
|
1840:
|
Quadruple Alliance by the European
powers to force Egypt to relinquish Syria.
|
|
1840:
|
British frees occupied Aden.
|
|
1841:
|
State of Adamawa established by
Adams adjacent to Nigeria.
|
|
1842:
|
Amir Abdul Qadir, ousted from
Algeria by the French. crossed over to Morocco.
|
|
1842:
|
Shah Shuja assassinated ending the
Durrani rule in Afghanistan.
|
|
1847:
|
Amir Abdul Qadir surrendred to
France under the condition of safe conduct to a Muslim country of his choice
but France violated its pledge and sent him as a captive to France.
|
|
1849:
|
Death of Muhammad Ali pasha.
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|
1850:
|
Ali Muhammad Bab arrested and
executed by Iranian government. Qurratul Ain Tabira, a renowned poetess and
staunch advocate of Babism also shot dead.
|
|
1852:
|
Release of Amir Abdul Qadir by
Napolean III. He settled in Turkey.
|
|
1855:
|
Khiva annexed by Russia.
|
|
1857:
|
British captured Delhi and
eliminated Mughal rule in India after 332 years. Last Mughal Emperor Bahadur
Shah Zafar was exiled to Rangoon in Burma. This was also the end of 1000
years of Muslim rule over India.
|
|
1859:
|
Imam Shamil laid down arms before
Russian forces and the Islamic State of Daghestan became a Russian province.
|
|
1860:
|
Maulay Muhammad defeated by Spain.
|
|
1861:
|
Death of Sultan Abdul-Majid of
Turkey.
|
|
1862:
|
Faraizi movement fizzled out after
the death of Dadu Miyan..
|
|
1865:
|
Khoqand State liquidated by
Russia.
|
|
1869:
|
Jamaluddin Afghani exiled from
Afghanistan. He proceeded to Egypt.
|
|
1871:
|
Tunisia recognised suzerainty of
Turkey through a Firman.
|
|
1876:
|
Britain purchased shares of Khediv
Ismail in the Suez canal and got involved in Egyptian affairs.
|
|
1878:
|
Turkey handed over Cyprus to
Britain.
|
|
1878:
|
Adrianople fell to Russia.
|
|
1879:
|
Jamaluddin Afghani exiled from
Egypt.
|
|
1879:
|
Treaty of Berlin. Turkey lost 4/5
th of its territory in Europe.
|
|
1881:
|
France invaded Tunisia and the Bey
acknowledged supremacy of France as a result of the treaty of Bardo.
|
|
1881:
|
Muhammad Ahmad declared himself
Mahdi in northern Sudan.
|
|
1882:
|
Egypt came under British military
occupation.
|
|
1883:
|
Death of Amir Abdul Qadir in
Damascus.
|
|
1885:
|
Muhammad Ahmad declared free
Government of Sudan under his rule.
|
|
1885:
|
Death of Mahdi Sudani five months
after the occupation of Khartum.
|
|
1890:
|
End of Banbara State.
|
|
1895:
|
Afghanistan got Wakhan corridor by
an understanding with Russia and British India making Afghan touch China.
|
|
1895:
|
Mirza Ghulam Ahmad of Qadian
claimed prophethood.
|
|
1897:
|
State of Bagirimi occupied by the
French,
|
|
1899:
|
Fall of Mahdi State occupied by
the British and the Egyptians jointly.
|
20th Century (1900-1992) C.E.
|
1901:
|
Ibn Saud (Abd al-Aziz) captures
Riyad.
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|
1901:
|
French forces occupy Morocco.
|
|
1904:
|
Morocco becomes a French
protectorate under the Conference of Algeciras.
|
|
1904:
|
The Presian constitution is
promoted.
|
|
1905:
|
The beginning of the Salafiyyah
movement in Paris with it's main sphere of influence in Egypt.
|
|
1907:
|
The beginning of the Young Turks
movement in Turkey.
|
|
1912:
|
The beginning of the Muhammadiyyah
reform movement in Indonesia.
|
|
1914:
|
Under Ottoman rule, secret Arab
nationalist societies are formed.
|
|
1914:
|
World War I.
|
|
1916:
|
Arab revolt against Ottoman
(Turkish) rule. Lawrence of Arabia leads attacks on the Hijaz Railway.
|
|
1918:
|
Armistice signed with Ottomans on
October 30.
|
|
1918:
|
World War I ends on November 11.
|
|
1918:
|
Syria and Damascus become a French
protectorate.
|
|
1921:
|
Abd Allah bin Husayn in made King
of Transjordan. His father was the Sharif of Mecca.
|
|
1921:
|
Faysal bin Husayn is made King of
Iraq. His father was the Sharif of Mecca.
|
|
1921:
|
Abd al-Karim leads a revolt
against colonial rule in Moroccan Rif, and declares the "Republic of the
Rif".
|
|
1922:
|
Mustafa Kemal abolishes the
Turkish Sultanate.
|
|
1924:
|
The Turkish Caliphate is
abolished.
|
|
1924:
|
King Abd al-Aziz conquers Mecca
and Medina, which leads to the unification of the Kingdoms of Najd and Hijaz.
|
|
1925:
|
Reza Khan seizes the government in
Persia and establishes the Pahlavi dynasty.
|
|
1926:
|
Abd al-Aziz (Ibn Saud) assumes
title of King of Najd and Hijaz.
|
|
1927:
|
Death of Zaghlul, an Egyptian
nationalist leader.
|
|
1928:
|
Turkey is declared a secular
state.
|
|
1928:
|
Hasan al-Banna founds the Muslim
Brotherhood.
|
|
1932:
|
Iraq granted independence by
League of Nations.
|
|
1934:
|
War between King Abd al-Aziz and
Imam Yahya of the Yemen.
|
|
1934:
|
Peace treaty of Ta'if.
|
|
1934:
|
Asir becomes part of Saudi Arabia.
|
|
1935:
|
Iran becomes the official name of
Persia.
|
|
1936:
|
Increased Jewish immigration
provokes widespread Arab-Jewish fighting in Palestine.
|
|
1939:
|
World War II.
|
|
1941:
|
British and Russian forces invade
Iran and Reza Shah is forced to abdicate in favor of his son Mohammad Reza
Shah in Iran.
|
|
1943:
|
Beginning of Zionist terrorist
campaign in Palestine.
|
|
1945:
|
End of World War II.
|
|
1946:
|
Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria are
granted independence from Britain and France.
|
|
1947:
|
Creation of Pakistan from Muslim
Majority area in India.
|
|
1948:
|
Creation of state of Israel. Arab
armies suffer defeat in war with Israel.
|
|
1949:
|
Hasan al-Banna, leader of the
Muslim Brotherhood, is assassinated.
|
|
1951:
|
Libya becomes independent.
|
|
1952:
|
King Faruq of Egypt forced to
abdicate.
|
|
1953:
|
General Zahedi leads coup against
Musaddeq, Shah returns to power.
|
|
1953:
|
Death of King Abd al-Aziz (Ibn
Saud) of Saudi Arabia.
|
|
1953:
|
The foundation stone is laid to
enlarge the Prophet's mosque in Medina.
|
|
1956:
|
Morocco becomes independent.
|
|
1956:
|
Tunisia becomes independent.
|
|
1957:
|
The Bey of Tunisia is deposed, and
Bourguiba becomes becomes president.
|
|
1957:
|
Enlargement of the Haram in Mecca
begins.
|
|
1962:
|
Algeria becomes independent.
|
|
1962:
|
Death of Zaydi Imam of Yemen
(Ahmad). Crown Prince Bahr succeds him and takes the title Imam Mansur
Bi-Llah Muhammad.
|
|
1965:
|
Malcom X is assassinated.
|
|
1968:
|
The enlargement of the Haram in
Mecca is completed.
|
|
1969:
|
King Idris of Libya is ousted by a
coup led by Colonel Qadhdhafi.
|
|
1973:
|
King Zahir Shah of Afghanistan is
overthrown.
|
|
1975:
|
Death of Elijah Mohammad, leader
of Nation of Islam among African Americans in North America.
|
|
1975:
|
Wallace Warith Deen Mohammad
assumes leadership of Nation of Islam and shifts movement toward Islamic
Orthodoxy renaming it American Muslim Mission.
|
|
1978:
|
Imam Musa Sadr is apparently
assassinated after he disappears on a trip to Libya. He was the religious
leader of the Lebanese Twelve-Imam Shi'ites. He promoted the resurgence of
Shi'ites in Lebanon and set the foundation of Amal.
|
|
1979:
|
The Shah leaves Iran on January
15, thus bringing the Pahlavi dynasty to an end.
|
|
1979:
|
On 1 Muharram AH 1400/21 November,
the first day of the 15th Islamic century, fanatics led by students of the
Theological University of Medina attempt to promote one of their group as
Mahdi and thus fulfill a certain prophetic Hadith: "A man of the people
of Medina will go forth, fleeing to Mecca, and certain of the people of Mecca
will come to him and will lead him forth against his will and swear fealty to
him between the rukn (Black Stone corner of the Kabah) and the Maqam
Ibrahim." They hold the Haram of Mecca against the army for two weeks.
Sixty-three of the 300 fanatics are captured alive, the mosque is recovered,
and the conspirators are all put to death.
|
|
1980:
|
Beginning of the Iran-Iraq war.
|
|
1989:
|
Iran-Iraq comes to an end with
much loss of life.
|
|
1990:
|
Military annexation of Kuwait by
Iraq, under Ba'athist leader Saddam Hussain, is reversed in 1991 by a
coalition of United States-led forces
|
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